Surface Water The Lane Diagram WATER SEDIMENT I
- Slides: 103
Surface Water
The Lane Diagram WATER SEDIMENT
I. Events During Precipitation A. Interception B. Stem Flow C. Depression Storage D. Hortonian Overland Flow E. Interflow F. Throughflow -> Return Flow G. Baseflow
II. Hydrograph A. General
II. Hydrograph A. General B. Storm Hydrograph
II. Hydrograph A. General B. Storm Hydrograph 1. Shape and Distribution of “events”
direct ppt. , runoff, baseflow, interflow
II. Hydrograph A. General B. Storm Hydrograph 1. Shape and Distribution of 2. Hydrograph Separation
II. Hydrograph A. General B. Storm Hydrograph 1. Shape and Distribution of 2. Hydrograph Separation C. Predicting the rate of Baseflow Recession after a storm
vs.
Why care?
Predicting the rate of Baseflow Recession after a storm
Predicting the rate of Baseflow Recession after a storm
An example problem….
Gaining and Losing Streams…. .
III. Rainfall-Runoff Relationships
III. Rainfall-Runoff Relationships A. Time of Concentration
III. Rainfall-Runoff Relationships A. Time of Concentration “The time required for overland flow and channel flow to reach the basin outlet from the most distant part of the catchment”
III. Rainfall-Runoff Relationships A. Time of Concentration “The time required for overland flow and channel flow to reach the basin outlet from the most distant part of the catchment” tc = L 1. 15 7700 H 0. 38
III. Rainfall-Runoff Relationships A. Time of Concentration “The time required for overland flow and channel flow to reach the basin outlet from the most distant part of the catchment” tc = L 1. 15 7700 H 0. 38 tc = time of concentration (hr) L = length of catchment (ft) along the mainstream from basin mouth to headwaters (most distant ridge) H = difference in elevation between basin outlet and headwaters (most distant ridge)
L = 13, 385 ft H = 380 ft III. Rainfall-Runoff Relationships A. Time of Concentration tc = L 1. 15 example problem 7700 H 0. 38
L = 31, 385 ft H = 380 ft Tc = 0. 75 hrs, or 45 minutes tc = (13, 385) 1. 15 7700 (380) 0. 38 tc = time of concentration (hr) L = length of catchment (ft) along the mainstream from basin mouth to headwaters (most distant ridge) H = difference in elevation (ft) between basin outlet and headwaters (most distant ridge)
III. Rainfall-Runoff Relationships A. Time of Concentration B. Rational Equation
III. Rainfall-Runoff Relationships A. Time of Concentration B. Rational Equation If the period of ppt exceeds the time of concentration, then the Rational Equation applies
III. Rainfall-Runoff Relationships A. Time of Concentration B. Rational Equation Q=CIA
III. Rainfall-Runoff Relationships A. Time of Concentration B. Rational Equation Q=CIA Where Q=peak runoff rate (ft 3/s) C= runoff coeffic. I = ave ppt intensity (in/hr) A = drainage area (ac)
First: solve for time of concentration (“Duration”); THEN: solve for rainfall intensity for a given X year storm.
III. Rainfall-Runoff Relationships A. Time of Concentration B. Rational Equation example problem The drainage basin that ultimately flows past the JMU football stadium is dominated by an industrial park with flat roofed buildings, parking lots, shopping malls, and very little open area. The drainage basin has an area of 90 acres. Find the peak discharge during a storm that has a 25 year flood return interval.
First: solve for time of concentration (“Duration”); THEN: solve for rainfall intensity for a given X year storm. “ 45 minutes from previous exercise”
III. Rainfall-Runoff Relationships A. Time of Concentration B. Rational Equation example problem The drainage basin that ultimately flows past the JMU football stadium is dominated by an industrial park with flat roofed buildings, parking lots, shopping malls, and very little open area. The drainage basin has an area of 90 acres. Find the peak discharge during a storm that has a 25 year flood return interval. Q = ci. A
III. Rainfall-Runoff Relationships A. Time of Concentration B. Rational Equation example problem The drainage basin that ultimately flows past the JMU football stadium is dominated by an industrial park with flat roofed buildings, parking lots, shopping malls, and very little open area. The drainage basin has an area of 90 acres. Find the peak discharge during a storm that has a 25 year flood return interval. Q = ci. A Q = (0. 85)*(2. 5 in/hr)*(90 acres)
III. Rainfall-Runoff Relationships A. Time of Concentration B. Rational Equation example problem The drainage basin that ultimately flows past the JMU football stadium is dominated by an industrial park with flat roofed buildings, parking lots, shopping malls, and very little open area. The drainage basin has an area of 90 acres. Find the peak discharge during a storm that has a 25 year flood return interval. Q = 191. 3 ft 3/s
III. Rainfall-Runoff Relationships A. Time of Concentration B. Rational Equation example problem The drainage basin that ultimately flows past the JMU football stadium is dominated by an industrial park with flat roofed buildings, parking lots, shopping malls, and very little open area. The drainage basin has an area of 90 acres. Find the peak discharge during a storm that has a 25 year flood return interval. Calculate the mean velocity if the cross sectional area of the channel is 40 ft 2.
III. Rainfall-Runoff Relationships A. Time of Concentration B. Rational Equation example problem An industrial park with flat roofed buildings, parking lots, and very little open area has a drainage basin area of 90 acres. The 25 year flood has an intensity of 2 in/hr. Find the peak discharge during the storm. Calculate the mean velocity if the cross sectional area of the channel is 40 ft 2. Discharge = Velocity x Area
III. Rainfall-Runoff Relationships A. Time of Concentration B. Rational Equation example problem An industrial park with flat roofed buildings, parking lots, and very little open area has a drainage basin area of 90 acres. The 25 year flood has an intensity of 2 in/hr. Find the peak discharge during the storm. Calculate the mean velocity if the cross sectional area of the channel is 40 ft 2. Discharge = Velocity x Area 191. 3 ft 3/s = 40 ft 2 * V V = 4. 8 ft/s
Calculate the mean velocity if the cross sectional area of the channel is 40 ft 2. Discharge = Velocity x Area 191. 3 ft 3/s = 40 ft 2 * V V = 4. 8 ft/s or 146. 3 cm/s If the channel is made of fine sand, will it remain stable?
Hjulstrom Diagram 146. 3 cm/s 0. 10 -0. 25 mm (fine sand) size range
III. Measurement of Streamflow
III. Measurement of Streamflow A. Direct Measurements B. Indirect Measurements
III. Measurement of Streamflow A. Direct Measurements
III. Measurement of Streamflow A. Direct Measurements 1. Price /Gurley/Marsh-Mc. Birney Current Meters
III. Measurement of Streamflow A. Direct Measurements 1. Price or Gurley Current Meter 2. Weirs
Weirs rectangular Q = 1. 84 (L – 0. 2 H)H 3/2 Where L = length of weir crest (m), H = ht of backwater above weir crest (m), Q = m 3/s *note: eq. 2. 16 B in Fetter is incorrect (exponent is 3/2 as shown above)
Weirs V notch Q=1. 379 H 5/2 Where H = ht of backwater above weir crest (m) Q = m 3/s
III. Measurement of Streamflow B. Indirect Measurements
III. Measurement of Streamflow B. Indirect Measurements 1. Manning Equation V = R 2/3 S ½ n Where V = average flow velocity (m/s) R = hydraulic radius (m) S = channel slope (unitless) n = Manning roughness coefficient
1. Manning Equation V = R 2/3 S ½ n Where V = average flow velocity (m/s) R = hydraulic radius (m) S = channel slope (unitless) n = Manning roughness coefficient R = A/P A = Area (m 2) P = Wetted Perimeter (m)
1. Manning Equation If using English units…. . V = 1. 49 * R 2/3 S ½ n Where V = average flow velocity (ft/s) R = hydraulic radius (ft) S = channel slope (unitless) n = Manning roughness coefficient R = A/P A = Area (ft 2) P = Wetted Perimeter (ft)
V = R 2/3 S ½ n If Q = V * A, then Q = A R 2/3 S ½ n Where Q = average flow discharge (m 3/s) A = area of channel (m 2) R = hydraulic radius (m) S = channel slope (unitless) n = Manning roughness coefficient R = A/P A = Area P = Wetted Perimeter
Q = A R 2/3 S ½ N Where Q = average flow discharge A = area of channel r = hydraulic radius s = channel slope (unitless) n = Manning roughness coefficient R = A/P A = Area P = Wetted Perimeter Example Problem: A flood that occurred in a mountain stream comprised of cobbles, pebbles, and few boulders creates a high water mark of 3 meters above the bottom of the channel, and temporarily expands the channel width to 6 m. The slope of the water surface is 100 meters of drop per 1 km of distance. Determine V in m/s Determine Q in m 3/s
B. Indirect Measurements 1. Manning Equation 2. Super. Elevation Method 3. Measurement of Cobbles
B. Indirect Measurements 1. Manning Equation 2. Super. Elevation Method
B. Indirect Measurements 1. Manning Equation 2. Super. Elevation Method Q = A(Rc*g*cos. S * tanΘ) ½ Q = discharge, A = average radial cross section in the bend, Rc= radius of curvature S = slope of channel (degrees) Θ = angle between high water marks on opposite banks (degrees) Example Problem:
B. Indirect Measurements 3. Measurement of Cobbles
B. Indirect Measurements 3. Measurement of Cobbles The “Costa Equation” V = 0. 18 d 0. 49 Where V =m/s, d=mm where 50 < d < 3200 mm Measure the 5 largest boulders, intermediate axis, take the average
B. Indirect Measurements 3. Measurement of Cobbles V = 0. 18 d 0. 49 Where V =m/s, d=mm and 50 < d < 3200 mm Measure the 5 largest boulders, intermediate axis And hc = {V {4. 5*{(S + 0. 001)0. 17}} }1. 5 Where V = velocity, in m/s S energy slope (decimal form) hc = competent flood depth (m) Example Problem: Average of five largest boulders: 3. 2 m x 2. 3 m x 1. 6 m Average slope = 5. 5 degrees Find: average velocity and depth of flow
V. Hydraulic Geometry A. The relationships Q = V*A Q=V*w*d w = a. Qb d = c. Q f v = k. Q m
V. Hydraulic Geometry A. The relationships B. “at a station” C. “distance downstream”
A. Hydraulic Geometry “at a station trends” M = 0. 26 M = 0. 4 M = 0. 34
A. Hydraulic Geometry M = 0. 5 M = 0. 4 “distance downstream trends” M = 0. 1
Distance Downstream
VI. Flood Frequency Analysis B. Flow Duration Curves
VI. Flood Frequency Analysis Flood recurrence interval (R. I. ) use Weibull Method - calculates the R. I. by taking the average time between 2 floods of equal or greater magnitude. RI = (n + 1) / m where n is number of years on record, m is magnitude of given flood
VI. Flood Frequency Analysis What does this mean? ? ? the curve estimates the magnitude of a flood that can be expected within a specified period of time The probability that a flow of a given magnitude will occur during any year is P = 1/RI. EX: a 50 year flood has a 1/50 th chance, or 2 percent chance of occurring in any given year.
VI. Flood Frequency Analysis For multiple years: q = 1 - ( 1 -1/RI)n where q = probability of flood with RI with a specified number of years n
VI. Flood Frequency Analysis For multiple years: q = 1 - ( 1 -1/RI)n where q = probability of flood with RI with a specified number of years n EX: a 50 year flood has an 86% chance of occurring over 100 years Example Problem: Determine the water height during a 100 year storm at the Harrison Gaging Station near Grottoes, Virginia.
VI. Flood Frequency Analysis Example Problem: Determine the water height during a 100 year storm at the Harrison Gaging Station near Grottoes, Virginia. Method: • Access data at www. usgs. gov; select water tab • Select “water watch” under ‘streams, lakes, rivers’ option • Choose the current stream flow map, your state and the respective station location • Open station page by clicking on the station number • Select “surface water - peak streamflow” option • Choose ‘tab separated file’ format • Highlight, copy, and paste (special) your data to Excel for analysis.
VI. Flood Frequency Analysis Example Problem: Determine the water height during a 100 year storm at the Harrison Gaging Station near Grottoes, Virginia. Method (continued): • Clean up data so that only ‘Year’ , ‘Q’, and ‘Gage Ht. ’ are present • Sort data based on Q in descending order • Add magnitude (m) ranking (highest = 1) • Add RI formula, where RI = (n+1)/m • Create graph depicting RI vs. Q • Create graph of Q vs. Gage Ht. • Determine Gage Height with respect to the given RI
Magnitud Year Q (cfs) Gage Ht (ft) e RI (yrs) 9/6/1996 28900 15. 57 1 73. 0 11/4/1985 28100 15. 47 2 36. 5 10/15/1942 23100 17. 2 3 24. 3 9/19/2003 22000 14. 41 4 18. 3 6/21/1972 21300 15. 25 5 14. 6 1924 -05 -00 21000 16. 6 6 12. 2 9/6/1979 16200 13. 47 7 10. 4 10/5/1972 15300 13. 24 8 9. 1 3/18/1936 12600 13. 07 9 8. 1 3/19/1975 12400 12. 2 10 7. 3 9/28/2004 12300 12. 26 11 6. 6 8/16/1940 12100 12. 91 12 6. 1 4/17/2011 11900 12. 15 13 5. 6 4/26/1937 11700 13 14 5. 2 9/18/1945 11300 12. 8 15 4. 9 8/20/1969 11100 12. 72 16 4. 6 1/25/2010 11100 11. 9 17 4. 3 11/29/2005 10900 11. 84 18 4. 1 3/19/1983 10300 11. 44 19 3. 8 9/20/1928 10100 11. 9 20 3. 7 2/17/1998 10000 11. 59 21 3. 5 4/22/1992 9840 11. 8 22 3. 3 5/30/1971 9460 11. 93 23 3. 2 10/17/1932 8700 11. 5 24 3. 0 12/1/1934 8340 11. 3 25 2. 9 9/19/1944 8340 11. 33 26 2. 8 10/9/1976 8250 10. 62 27 2. 7 2/14/1984 8250 10. 6 28 2. 6 4/17/1987 8120 11. 08 29 2. 5 6/18/1949 7980 11. 06 30 2. 4 1/26/1978 7800 10. 38 31 2. 4
35000 30000 Discharge (cfs) 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 10. 0 Recurrence Interval (yrs) 100. 0
Discharge (cfs) Gage Height (ft)
VI. Flood Frequency B. Flow Duration Curves
VI. Flood Frequency B. Flow Duration Curves “shows the percentage of time that a given flow of a stream will be equaled or exceeded. ”
B. Flow Duration Curves “shows the percentage of time that a given flow of a stream will be equaled or exceeded. ” P = * m * (100) n+1
B. Flow Duration Curves “shows the percentage of time that a given flow of a stream will be equaled or exceeded. ” P = * m * (100) n+1
VI. Flood Frequency B. Flow Duration Example Problem: Determine the discharge that can be expected 80% of the time at the Harrison Gaging Station near Grottoes, Virginia. Method: • Access data at www. usgs. gov; select water tab • Select “water watch” under ‘streams, lakes, rivers’ option • Choose the current stream flow map, your state and the respective station location • Open station page by clicking on the station number • Select “daily data” option, • Then click ‘mean discharge’ option • Choose the earliest date of record through ‘present’ • Choose ‘tab separated file’ format, and select ‘go’ • Highlight, copy, and paste (special) your data to Excel for analysis.
VI. Flood Frequency Analysis Example Problem: Determine the discharge that can be expected 80% of the time at the Harrison Gaging Station near Grottoes, Virginia. Method (continued): • Clean up data so that only ‘Year’ , ‘Q’, and ‘Gage Ht. ’ are present • Sort data based on Q in descending order • Add magnitude (m) ranking (highest = 1) • Add P formula, where P = m/(n+1) • Pick out desired probability value, and record the respective discharge
P = * m * 100 n+1
How much water would this value of discharge y for a full day?
How much water would this value of discharge y for a full day? 81 ft 3 * 3600 s * 24 hr = 6, 998, 400 ft 3 of wate s 1 hr 1 d
V. Sediment Transport A. Shear Stress τc = critical boundary shear stress hc = minimal water depth required for flow ρw = water density (assume 1. 00 g/cm 3) g = gravitational acceleration (981 cm/s 2) S = slope (decimal e. g. , meters per meters)
V. Sediment Transport A. Shear Stress τc = hc ρw g S τc = critical boundary shear stress (force per unit area) (g/cm-s 2) hc = minimal water depth required for flow (cm) ρw = water density (assume 1. 00 g/cm 3) g = gravitational acceleration (981 cm/s 2) S = slope (decimal, e. g. , meters per meters)
V. Sediment Transport 1. Shear Stress 2. The Shields Equation τc = hc ρw g S τc = τ*c (ρs – ρw)g. D 50 τc = critical boundary shear stress hc = minimal water depth required for flow ρs, ρw = grain density (assume 2. 65 g/cm 3) and water density g = gravitational acceleration (981 cm/s 2) D 50 = median bed material grain size τ*c = dimensionless critical shear stress (the Shields number) 0. 03 for sand, 0. 047 for gravel
V. Sediment Transport 1. Shear Stress τc = hc ρw g S 2. Shields Equation τc = τ*c (ρs – ρw)g. D 50 OR hc =(ρs – ρw) τ*c D 50 ρw. S τc = critical boundary shear stress hc = minimal water depth required for flow ρs, ρw = grain density (assume 2. 65 g/cm 3) and water density g = gravitational acceleration (981 cm/s 2) D 50 = median bed material grain size τ*c = dimensionless critical shear stress (the Shields number) 0. 03 for sand, 0. 047 for gravel
Problem: A gravel bed stream of slope 2 m per 1 km has a median grain size of 60 mm. Caculate: 1) the critical shear stress required for bedload mobilization; 2) The critical water depth to initiate motion τc = hc ρw g S τc = τ*c (ρs – ρw)g. D 50 OR hc =(ρs – ρw) τ*c D 50 ρw. S τc = critical boundary shear stress hc = minimal water depth required for flow ρs, ρw = grain density (assume 2. 65 g/cm 3) and water density g = gravitational acceleration (981 cm/s 2) D 50 = median bed material grain size τ*c = dimensionless critical shear stress (the Shields number) 0. 03 for sand, 0. 047 for gravel
- Outside lane vs inside lane
- Water and water and water water
- Economic importance of ocean
- By which process is sediment laid down?
- Biogenous sediments definition
- Surface ocean currents
- Sediment traps construction
- Lithification
- Christchurch bay case study
- Sediment traps construction
- Lithogenous sediment definition
- Coawst
- Broad sediment-covered continental shelves
- Ketones in urine moderate
- Richards
- How do waves cause erosion and deposition
- A linear ridge of sediment attached to land
- Marine sediment classification
- Holderness coastline
- Haptonema function
- Sediment
- Sediment transport
- Nephrotisches sediment
- Rounded sediment
- Detrital sedimentary rock
- Swim lane diagram template
- Right triangular prism surface area formula
- Spin coat
- Volume and surface area of cone
- Hình ảnh bộ gõ cơ thể búng tay
- Frameset trong html5
- Bổ thể
- Tỉ lệ cơ thể trẻ em
- Gấu đi như thế nào
- Glasgow thang điểm
- Bài hát chúa yêu trần thế alleluia
- Các môn thể thao bắt đầu bằng tiếng bóng
- Thế nào là hệ số cao nhất
- Các châu lục và đại dương trên thế giới
- Cong thức tính động năng
- Trời xanh đây là của chúng ta thể thơ
- Mật thư anh em như thể tay chân
- Làm thế nào để 102-1=99
- độ dài liên kết
- Các châu lục và đại dương trên thế giới
- Thể thơ truyền thống
- Quá trình desamine hóa có thể tạo ra
- Một số thể thơ truyền thống
- Bàn tay mà dây bẩn
- Vẽ hình chiếu vuông góc của vật thể sau
- Thế nào là sự mỏi cơ
- đặc điểm cơ thể của người tối cổ
- V cc cc
- Vẽ hình chiếu đứng bằng cạnh của vật thể
- Tia chieu sa te
- Thẻ vin
- đại từ thay thế
- điện thế nghỉ
- Tư thế ngồi viết
- Diễn thế sinh thái là
- Các loại đột biến cấu trúc nhiễm sắc thể
- Các số nguyên tố
- Tư thế ngồi viết
- Lời thề hippocrates
- Thiếu nhi thế giới liên hoan
- ưu thế lai là gì
- Hổ sinh sản vào mùa nào
- Sự nuôi và dạy con của hổ
- Sơ đồ cơ thể người
- Từ ngữ thể hiện lòng nhân hậu
- Thế nào là mạng điện lắp đặt kiểu nổi
- Woodlane medical centre doctors
- Caltrans lane closure system
- Wisconsin lane closure system
- Lane position 1-5
- What are the four steps of the ipde process
- Rear reference point
- Driving lane positions 1-5
- Objectives of geomorphology
- Shared center lane
- Shared center lane
- Chongfu parent volunteer
- Basketball 22's conditioning
- Lane positions
- Kenneth lane thompson
- Roman f. saltna
- Seashell cs136
- Stream load
- Kevin lane keller brand equity model
- Kanban view dynamics 365 crm
- How many arrows on a bowling lane
- The diamond shape is used exclusively for
- Info:https://kyiv.vlasne.ua/street/aivazovsky-lane/
- Lane shift taper formula
- Restricted lane ahead sign meaning
- A cottage in the lane poem
- Lane v. franks
- Type of interchange
- Re german date coffee co
- Masse sonne
- What are five reasons expressways have fewer collisions
- Chapter 8 sharing the roadway
- One-lane bridge problem semaphore
- Classification of vowels