SUPREME COURT CASES I The Marshall Court and

SUPREME COURT CASES I. The Marshall Court and the Limits of Federalism • Marbury v. Madison, 1803 • Judicial Review: The Engine that Drives the Court • Mc. Culloch v. Maryland, 1819 • States v the Fed; “The Power To Tax is the Power to Destroy” • Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824 • Interstate Commerce: regulatory property of the Fed • Worcester v. Georgia, 1832 • Fed control over states re Indian Matters

II. Racial Issue/Civil Rights • Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857 • Legal status of slaves: “A slave has no rights that a white man is bound to respect. ” • Voids slavery compromises; reaffirms Fed right over state • Will be overturned by 14 th Amendment • Plessey v. Ferguson, 1896 • Legalizes segregation; doctrine of separate but equal • Fails to define “equal” • Brown v. Board of Education, 1954 • Desegregates public schools; “segregation is inherently unequal” • Overturns Plessy v Ferguson

III. Constitutional Challenges; Civil Liberties • Munn v. Illinois, 1876 • States can regulate interstate commerce if concern is “bathed in the public interest. ” • Granger Law, sought to combat RR monopoly • Wabash v. Illinois, 1886 • Upholds Gibbons v Ogden, overturns Munn ruling • Reflects changed demographic of Court since 1876 Munn ruling • Hammer v Dagenhart 1916 • Denied Congress the right to regulate child labor on basis of interstate commerce; ; delegated to states • Overturned child labor provision of Keating Owens Act (1916) • Schenck v. United States, 1919 • Limits on free speech, not protected if speech presents “clear and present danger” • Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963 • States must provide defendants with legal representation if they cannot afford one; protected under 6 th Amendment

• Griswold v Connecticut, 1965 • Claimed state bans on the use of contraception to prevent pregnancy unconstitutional, violates right to “marital privacy” • “Privacy” defined as protected under 14 th Amendment due process clause • Miranda v. Arizona, 1966 • Individuals under arrest must be advised of constitutional rights, aka Miranda Rights • Roe v. Wade, 1973 • Abortion legalized as constitutional protection of a woman’s right to privacy as defined under 14 th Amendment • Right to privacy precedent 1965 Griswold v Connecticut • US V New York Times, 1970 • Defines freedom of press as extending to confidential material; Pentagon Papers • US v Nixon, 1974 • Disallows executive privilege as protection from subpoena; Nixon tapes

COMPROMISES • Necessitated by factionalism: “As long as men have the liberty to develop thought opposite passions will emerge. . . the republican form disallows the dominance of extreme in favor of the healthy medium to the benefit of society. ” James Madison, Federalist 10

I. Constitutional Convention • Great Compromise (1789) • Large (population) v small (equality) state representation dilemma • Bicameral legislature: • House of Representatives: Lower, popularly elected, population • Senate: Upper, chosen elite, equality • 3/5 Compromise (1789) • Equalizing representation in House: Slaves • Southern demand to offset northern population growth • Slave Trade Compromise (1789) • Northern price for 3/5 Compromise • Atlantic slave trade ended by 1808 • Anticipated end of slavery due to economic inefficiendy

II. Slavery • Missouri Compromise 1820: Louisiana Purchase • • Missouri slave, Maine free 36° 30´ Slave border Slavery: factor in with state admission Spread of slavery; Jefferson’s “firebell in the night. ” • Compromise 1850: Mexican Cession • California free, Texas remains slave, • Extend 36° 30´ to California; Utah (above)/New Mexico (below) by virtue of popular sovereignty • Slave trade outlawed in DC • Fugitive Slave Act

III. Sectional Issues • Compromise 1832: • Settled Tariff 1828 Nullification Crisis • Jackson backs off Force Bill, Congress lowers tariff rate • SC backs off secession/nullification threat • Crittenden Compromise 1860 • Free Soiler amendment attempt to avert Civil War • Slavery constitutionally protected in states where currently existed • Reinstates 36° 30´ (Dred Scott); slavery not allowed in territories/states north of line • South of line; determined by state constitutions

IV. Political/Racial • Compromise 1877 • • Settled electoral vote controversy Election 1876 GOP Hayes wins presidency Hayes agrees to end military reconstruction Will usher in period of: • Return South to home rule of the Bourbons • Usher in Black Codes/Jim Crow discrimination • Atlanta Compromise 1895 • Booker T Washington on racial equality • Blacks must compromise dignity with racism until establish acceptable social/economic status • Derided by WEB Du. Bois as accommodations policy

Territorial Expansion • British Colonies 1607 -1776 • American Revolution 1786 • Louisiana Purchase, 1803 • Florida (Adams-Onis Treaty) 1819 • Oregon, 1846 • Annexation of Texas, 1845 • Mexican Cession, 1848 • Gadsden Purchase, 1858

THE AMERICAN POLITICAL CULTURE Changing Demographics and Capricious Philosophies • Genesis: Reaction to British colonial policy versus North American colonial economic and political independence (Salutary Neglect) • Factions: • Government presence and direction to ensure collective liberty (Hamiltonian) • Individual (states) liberty without government intrusion (Jeffersonian) Philosophical Basis for the American Political System • Factionalism; interaction between factions inherent in free society • Necessity of compromise to maintain factional equilibrium

THE FEDERAL PERIOD 1789 -1816 FEDERALISTS • Hamiltonian • Primacy of national government over the states • Liberty through collectivism • Pro-Business • North • Federal System • Pro-British DEM-REPUBLICANS • Jeffersonian • Primacy of state governments over national • Liberty through individualism (states) • Pro-Agriculture • South, West • States’ Rights; 10 th Amendment • Pro-France

ERA OF GOOD FEELING 1816 -1824 DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS • Hartford Convention • Compromise Agenda (Politics of Necessity) • National Bank • Protective Tariff 1816 • Factions: • • Conservatives (Federalist remnants) Moderates (Jeffersonians) Liberals (The West, Jackson) NOTE: Existence of factions indicates institutional weakness; dependent upon effectiveness of compromise

JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY 1828 -1852 DEMOCRATS • Jacksonian • Expansion of Democracy • Basic Jeffersonian Philosophy • Anti-American System b/c intrusion of the federal government upon the states • Pro-expansion w/slavery • State’s rights, but NOT at the expense of union (Jackson) WHIGS • Henry Clay • Conservative Faction of Jeffersonian Democratic. Republicans • More anti-Jackson than anything else • Henry Clay, American System (Hamiltonian) • Federalist philosophy • Non-committal on expansion /slavery debate

CIVIL WAR/RECONSTRUCTION 1852 -1876 DEMOCRATS • Party of the South • States’ Rights (noncompromising) • Nullification • Federal (const. ) protection of slavery • Pro-expansion w/slavery; pro-popular sovereignty • Recon: Party of Bourbons; the New South; Home Rule REPUBLICANS • Former Whigs • Lincoln: Clay protégée • Free Soil agenda • Open to compromise (1850, Crittenden) • Recon: Triumph of the Radicals; GOP Dominant • 13 th, 14 th, 15 th Amendments: Why? • Military Recon Act

THE GILDED AGE 1876 -1900 DEMOCRATS • Constituency weakened by war • Southern Bourbon Redeemers • Three R’s: REPUBLICANS • Dominant Party • Big Business • Laissez faire economic policy • Rum (pro-immigration) • Romanism (pro-Catholic) • American System • Rebellion (pro-South) • High protective tariff • Agrarian Discontent • 1896: Populism/Progressivism • Privatized social programs; philanthropy • Soft money: Silver, • Social Darwinism Bimetallism • Anti-tariff • Hard money: Gold • Reform • Pro-imperialism • Anti-imperialism

RISE AND FALL OF THE PROGRESSIVES 1900 -1932 DEMOCRATS • Wilsonian Progressivism • Federal Reserve • Limited (women, race issues) • Wilsonian Internationalism • 14 Points • League of Nations • War weakens party, discredits Progressivism REPUBLICANS • Factionalized: • Stalwart (Status Quo) • Half-Breed (Reform) • TR (Half-Breed) • Taft (Stalwart; Payne. Aldrich) • Post War Reemergence: • • Isolation Return to Normalcy Volunteerism Supply Side Economics, tax cuts, (Andrew Mellon)

THE NEW DEAL COALITION; WWII 1932 -1945 • • DEMOCRATS Revitalized due to radical nature of the New Deal Dominant after election 1932 Constituency grows (African Americans) Change: Dr. New Deal to Dr. Win the War damages solidarity of New Deal Coalition Radical nature only holds legitimacy during Depression Yalta damages legitimacy REPUBLICANS • Weakened 1932 -1940 due to Hoover legacy • Post-war reemergence: • Conservatism regarded as patriotic • New Deal seen as socialistic, subversive (Alger Hiss) • Prosperity, victory dilutes legitimacy of the New Deal

COLD WAR AMERICA 1945 -1980: AMERICAN SOCIETY V AMERICAN SECURITY Democrats • Suffer from association with New Deal • Defensive, reactive • Balance social programs with defense spending • • • Civil Rights • • The Fair Deal • The New Frontier • The Great Society and Vietnam • The Great Society • Carter’s human rights agenda • • Republicans National security job 1 Dominant in 1950 s due to Red Scare Party of conformity Increased military spending; aggressive foreign policy (Ike) Military Industrial Complex The Dixiecrats NOTE: Growing distinction b/t conservatives and liberals (immigration, social programs, foreign policy, economic equality)

REPUBLICAN RESURGENCE 1980 -1992 DEMOCRATS • Hurt by Carter’s New Dealstyle liberalism • Continued devotion to liberal idealism will continue to hurt • By 1990 adopting more moderate agenda (Clinton) • Cut fed spending by streamlining bureaucracy • Increase taxes on the wealthy • Embraced Reagan deregulation policies REPUBLICANS • The Reagan Revolution • Largest political demographic shift since FDR • Most distinct presidency since FDR • Tame inflation; increase defense budget • Ended Cold War (Bush) • Lost foreign policy advantage to Clinton 1992 (“It’s the economy, stupid”)

The Millennium 2000 -2008 Republicans • 1990 s Hi tech/internet speculation/failures leads to recession • Bush tax cuts; lowered federal revenue • No Child Left Behind • 9/11; Katrina; War on Terror • SS privatization threat • Housing bubble; subprime crisis: The Great Recession • Trump de-regulation (Ex. O) • Tax cuts, trickle down Democrats • Stimulus package: Am Recovery Reinvestment Act (Similarity to 1930 RFC) • Regulation through executive order (banking; Stock Market) • Obama Doctrine: Vacuum in Iraq filled by ISIS • Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) • Controversy? • Mandates • Funding through increased Medicare taxes