Support and Muscular Systems Ayo Life Science 2010

Support and Muscular Systems 鄭先祐(Ayo) 製作 Life Science 2010 Life Science 2000

Support systems n n n Hydrostatic skeleton： rigidity is maintained as muscular contraction compresses body fluids. Hydrostatic skeletons are found in certain softbodied animals such as cnidarians, flatworms, and annelids. Endoskeletons (內骨骼) Exoskeletons (外骨骼) Fig. 17. 1 A crayfish after completing molting. Life Science 2000 2

Types of Connective tissue Table 17. 1 Connective tissues (結締組織) n Dense (緻密的) connective tissue n n n n Tendons Ligaments Loose (鬆散的) connective tissue Fat(adipose) tissue (脂肪組織) Cartilage (軟骨組織) Bone (硬骨組織) Blood (血液) Life Science 2000 3

Fig. 17 -2 (a) The organization of compact and spongy bone. Life Science 2000 4

Fig. 17 -2 (b) Note the Haversian system. Through the large opening the center, the Haversian canal, run the nerves and blood and lymph vessels that serve the bone. Life Science 2000 5

Fig 17. 3 Cartilage cells. They usually occur in pairs. The cells secrete the matrix, in which they are embedded. Life Science 2000 6

大腿骨 Fig. 17. 4 The ligaments of the knee form a very complex array of supporting and binding structures. The entire system is very vulnerable to twisting injuries, as can be attested by former great skiers and football players who are now virtual cripples because of injury to this delicate area. Life Science 2000 7

The adult human skeleton consists of 206 bones, although the number is a bit arbitrary because different people may have different numbers of bones. Fig. 17. 5 The human skeleton. The axial skeleton is shaded orange and appendicular skeleton beige. Cartilage is shown in blue. Life Science 2000 8

頸椎(7) 胸椎(12) 腰椎(5) 尾椎(4) Fig. 17. 6 The vertebral column. Vertebrae in each of the five regions indicated differ in shape, size, and function. Seven cervical vertebrae make up the flexible neck region, the upper two arranged to permit "yes" and "no" movements. The 12 thoracic vertebrae, one of which is shown enlarged, have special facets Life Science 2000 9 where the ribs attach.

Fig. 17. 7 Anatomical landmarks and directions in the human. Life Science 2000 10

Fig. 17. 8 Representative joints in the human body. Life Science 2000 11

Fig. 17. 9 Cnidarians lack mesoderm, hence they do not form true muscle. They can move slowly by contracting their outer ring of contractile fibers formed from ectoderm and an inner radially arranged set formed from endoderm. Life Science 2000 12

Fig. 17. 10 Cross section of a roundworm, Ascaris, a parasite of humans. Life Science 2000 13

Fig. 17. 11 A comparison of the musculature of an insect and a Life Science 2000 human, 14

Smooth muscle striated skeletal muscle cardiac muscle Fig. 17. 12 Three types of muscle tissue. Life Science 2000 15

三頭肌 二頭肌 Antagonist muscles Life Science 2000 arm muscles. Fig. 17. 13 The attachment of the upper 16

Fig. 17. 14 Ventral and dorsal views of the superficial muscles in the human. Life Science 2000 17

Fig. 17. 15 Levels of muscle organization. Life Science 2000 18

An ethical concern n Research has indicated that higher levels of testosterone are associated with increased aggression. However, new studies have suggested that feelings of aggression are higher in men with lower levels of testosterone (and in women with lower levels of estrogen). Why? Life Science 2000 19

v 問題與討論！ japalura@hotmail. com Ayo NUTN website: http: //myweb. nutn. edu. tw/~hycheng/ Life Science 2000 20