superoxide dismutase aerobes and aerotolerant anaerobes catalase nearly

氧：厭氧生物的第一號殺手! 找地方躲起來！ 消滅清除它! 自由基: superoxide dismutase — aerobes and aerotolerant anaerobes 過氧化物：catalase (nearly all organisms), peroxidase (in some) 聰明地利用它!

DNA infolding of plasma membrane 柔軟的外套：細胞核的形成？

F: food vacuole L: lysosome 柔軟的外套: 吞噬作用（phagocytosis）

團藻 (Volvox)

The private life of plants-The seeds of a dandelion begin their flight(p 17)

The private life of plants-South African ants hauling the seed of a plant down into the underground nest, in order to eats its coating(p 24)

The private life of plants-The fearsome seed-pod of the African grapple plant (p 23)

Storage root Transverse section of root 2 -mg phloem fragments Fragments cultured in nutritive medium Free cells in suspension A View of Life-fig 8 -3 (p 199) “Embryoid ” from cultured free cells Plantlet Flowering plant

• One hypothesis for origin of animals from a flagellated protist suggests that a colony of identical cells evolved into a hollow sphere. • The cells of this sphere then specialized, creating two or more layers of cells.

Burgess Shale

Burgess Shale Fossils copyright (c) 1995 by Andrew Mac. Rae, Anomalocaris - an arthropod-like predator

Burgess Shale Fossils Olenoides serratus - a trilobite group of extinct Arthropods). Trilobites were the most successful Cambrian group. copyright (c) 1995 by Andrew Mac. Rae,

Burgess Shale Fossils = Pikaia - a Burgess Shale fossil from copyright (c) UCMP, 530 mya is the first known Chordate. The ventral nerve cord is a precursor to the vertebrate backbone.

Tree of life (based on r. RNA sequences)

無私的個人與自私的基因 Parent birds feed their chick

無私的行為源自於自私的基因！ Altruistic donor individual Selfish “helping” gene

完美的利他主義者 Sterile workers in social insects: give up all reproduction for the benefit of their mother queen. 如何解釋這種完全 利他的生命行為？

W. D. Hamilton (1936 -2000)

Solution

生物學：一亇帶着歷史經驗的科學 “Any living cell carries with it the experiences of a billion years of experimentation by its ancestors” “ A physicist looks at biology” Max Delbruck, 1949

"Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. " T. Dobzhansky 1900 - 1975.

See you next time!