Super Cities and Super Grids Teratechnology Energy Societies

Super. Cities and Super. Grids: Teratechnology Energy Societies for an Exajoule World Paul M. Grant Visiting Scholar in Applied Physics, Stanford University EPRI Science Fellow (retired) IBM Research Staff Member Emeritus Principal, W 2 AGZ Technologies w 2 agz@pacbell. net www. w 2 agz. com Zallen. Fest 18 August 2006 Virginia Polytechnic Institute Blacksburg, VA http: //www. w 2 agz. com/zallenfest. htm (Includes Ballads in Celebration of Irish Freedom !)

Harvard Daze Friends of Dick (when we were young)

Earth at Night - 2000

Energy/Demographics Timeline

World Population: 1850 - 2100

Enfranchisement of Women

China “Factoid” • • • Current Population: 1. 3 Billion Souls All want to live like Americans Chinese Family Priorities: – (1) TV, (2) Washer, (3) Fridge… – Next an Air Conditioner (200 USD, 1 k. W) • Assume an average family size of three, then… An extra 500 GW of generation capacity must be added just to keep them cool!

Earth at Night - 2100

US Energy Consumption (2001)

US Oil Imports (2003)

US Electricity Generation - 2005

“Greenhouse Gases” Carbon Dioxide

CO 2 Emission Sources

The 21 st Century Energy Challenge Design a communal energy economy to meet the needs of a densely populated industrialized world that reaches all corners of Planet Earth. Accomplish this within the highest levels of environmental, esthetic, safe, reliable, efficient and secure engineering practice possible. …without requiring any new scientific discoveries or breakthroughs!

Its Solution A Symbiosis of Nuclear/Hydrogen/Superconductivity Technologies supplying Carbon-free, Non-Intrusive Energy for all Inhabitants of Planet Earth

Super. City Supermarket School H 2 Home Family Car Nuclear plant DNA-to-order. com H 2 HTSC/Mg. B 2 P. M. Grant, The Industrial Physicist, Feb/March Issue, 2002

Hydrogen for US Surface Transportation The "25% 80 -80 -80 400 GW" Scenario http: //www. w 2 agz. com Renewable Land Area Requirements Technology Area (km 2) Equivalent Wind 130, 000 New York State Solar 20, 000 50% Denmark Death Valley + Mojave Biomass 271, 915 3% USA State of Nevada

Diablo Canyon

California Coast Power Diablo Canyon 2200 MW Power Plant Wind Farm Equivalent

1911: A Big Surprise! Thus the mercury at 4. 2 K has entered a new state, which, owing to its particular electrical properties, can be called the state of superconductivity H. Kamerlingh-Onnes (1911)

200 La-Ba-Cu-O Hg-1223 150 100 50 La-214 Low-TC 0 Onset T = 40 K ! C 1900 1920 1940 1960 Hg Bednorz and Mueller IBM Zuerich, 1986 164 K High-TC Temperature, TC (K) 1986: Another Big Surprise! Year V 3 Si 1980 2000

1987: “The Prize!”

Superconductivity 101 • + + e+ + • e-

GLAG

The Flavors of Superconductivity Magnetic Field -M Normal 1/4 p HC 1 Meissner Temperature TC < Type I HC 1 H

Abrikosov Vortex Lattice H

The Flavors of Superconductivity > Type II Magnetic Field -M HC 2 Normal 1/4 p HC 1 Mixed Meissner Temperature TC HC 1 H

Abrikosov Vortex Lattice H J F

The Flavors of Superconductivity > Type II Magnetic Field -M HC 2 Normal NOT PERFECT CONDUCTOR! HC 1 1/4 p Mixed Meissner Temperature TC HC 1 H

Abrikosov Vortex Lattice H “Pinned” J F

The Flavors of Superconductivity Magnetic Field HC 2 Normal R 0 R=0 Mixed HC 1 Meissner Temperature TC

No More Ohm’s Law E = a. Jn n = 15 T = 77 K HTS Gen 1 E = 1 V/cm

ac Hysteresis -M 1/4 p HC 1 HC 2 H

TC vs Year: 1991 - 2001 164 K 150 High-TC Temperature, TC (K) 200 100 50 0 1900 Mg. B 2 Low-TC 1920 1940 1960 Year 1980 2000

HTSC Tape (AMSC) HTSC Tape: 3000 A @ 77 K Copper: 1000 A ea. 70% Silver

Finished Cable

LH 2 Super. Cable HV Insulation tsc D H 2 DO “Super. Insulation” Roughly to Scale: • Overall 30 cm Diameter Superconductor Hydrogen

Super. Suburb

A Canadian’s View of the World

The Mackenzie Valley Pipeline http: //www. mackenziegasproject. com 1220 km 18 GW-thermal 2006 - 2009

Design for eventual conversion to high pressure cold or liquid H 2 LNG Super. Cable Electrical Insulation “Super. Insulation” Thermal Barrier to LNG Liquid Nitrogen @ 77 K Superconductor LNG @ 105 K 1 atm (14. 7 psia)

It’s 2050! • The Gas runs out! • Build HTCGR Nukes on the well sites in the Mackenzie Delta (some of the generator infrastructure already in place) • Use existing LNG Super. Cable infrastructure to transport protons and electrons

Where there is no vision, the people perish… Proverbs 29: 18

“You can’t always get what you want…”

“…you get what you need!”