SUNSTORM otherwise known as XFM New technology for

SUNSTORM (otherwise known as XFM) New technology for X-ray measurements of the Sun, tuned for Space Weather High spectral and time resolution, wide spectral range, and large dynamic range Advantages include o o o o Spectroscopic monitoring of flares for a very wide range of flare intensities Direct comparison with GOES short and long X-ray channels enabled Detailed modelling of wavelength dependent effects of X-rays in the ionosphere Scientific timing and spectroscopic studies of solar X-ray corona, with direct comparison X-ray studies of stellar coronae (Sun as a star) in the range 1 -30 ke. V Possible use for particle (electron) measurements (high end of XFM spectral range, where X-ray signal is low) Improved speed, higher spectral resolution and operation at room temperature with Silicon drift detectors (SDD) Spectroscopy of strong flares down to 1 second time resolution possible, depending on allowed telemetry

Key XFM measurement requirements I-IRD-XFM-OBS-0020 The XFM instrument shall monitor events with a photon flux in the range from 2 x 10 -8 to 2 x 10 -3 W/m 2. I-IRD-XFM-OBS-0030 The XFM instrument shall measure X-ray flux in the wavelength range from 0. 05 to 0. 8 nm. an energy range between 1. 55 ke. V to 25 ke. V. I-IRD-XFM-OBS-0070 The XFM instrument shall have a sensitivity about 10000 cps at flux level of 10− 4 W m− 2 (in the range 0. 1– 0. 8 nm). Courtesy: SWPC/Mark Gibbs

SUNSTORM 1 (X-ray Flux Monitor for Cube. Sats) Physical properties Mass: 0. 6 kg, Dimensions: 10 x 8 cm 3 Power consumption: 1. 8 W (normal case), 2. 7 W (extreme case) Detector: Si drift detector, 0. 6 mm circular aperture, Fo. V 10 degrees Performance Spectrum resolution: 160 e. V @ 6 ke. V (BOL) Sensitivity: 2. 5 cps (A 2 flare), 255000 cps (X 10 flare), GOES Long Data rate: 75. 5 bytes/s (default) Spectrum 1 - 30 ke. V range, divided in 512 equally spaced channels Integration time: 60 s/spectrum (default, adjustable 1 – 60 s/spectrum) Flux channels GOES Channel correspondence CH 1: 1000 -1550 e. V; CH 2: : 1550 -3100 e. V; GOES Long: CH 2+CH 3+CH 4 CH 3: 3100 - 6200 e. V; GOES Short: CH 3+CH 4+CH 5 CH 4: 6200 - 12400 e. V; CH 5: 12400 - 24800 e. V; CH 6: 24800 - 30000 e. V; Integration time: 1 s Flight Model ready for testing, calibration and integration

SUNSTORM (XFM) for Lagrange missions Physical properties Mass: 2. 0 kg, Dimensions: 26 x 20 x 6. 5 cm 3 Power consumption: 3. 7 W (nominal), 4. 4 W (with margin) Detectors: 2 Si drift detectors, 0. 3 mm & 1. 4 mm circular apertures Fo. V 10 degrees Performance Spectrum resolution: 160 e. V @ 6 ke. V (BOL) Sensitivity: 100 cps (A 2 flare), 170000 cps (X 20 flare), GOES Long Data rate: 876 bits/s Spectrum 1 - 30 ke. V range, divided in 512 equally spaced channels Integration time: 60 s/spectrum Flux channels GOES Channel correspondence CH 1: 1000 -1550 e. V; CH 2: : 1550 -3100 e. V; GOES Long: CH 2+CH 3+CH 4 CH 3: 3100 - 6200 e. V; GOES Short: CH 3+CH 4+CH 5 CH 4: 6200 - 12400 e. V; CH 5: 12400 - 24800 e. V; CH 6: 24800 - 30000 e. V; Integration time: 1 s