Sunset Yellow FCF By David Folland 10 3
Sunset Yellow FCF By David Folland 10. 3
Chemical Nomenclature • Disodium 6 -hydroxy-5 -[(4 -sulfophenyl)azo]-2 -naphthalene sulfonate • Food Additive 110 (E 110) • Food Drug & Cosmetics – Yellow 6 • CAS Registry Number - 2783 -94 -0 • Chemical Formula - C 16 H 10 N 2 Na 2 O 7 S 2 • Molecular Weight - 452. 3 g/mol
Structure
Chemistry • Orange-Red Crystals • Contains hydroxyl (alcohol), sulfonate, azo (Nitrogen double bond) and aromatic functional groups • The azo group gives colour to many compounds • The hydroxyl and sulfonate groups (and the sodium ion) increase water solubility • Produce Yellow colour in solution of water or ethanol • Decomposes without melting at 390 C • When it decomposes it releases oxides of sulfur and nitrogen
Production • The colour additive is manufactured by adding a Nitrogennitrogen double bond to 4 -aminobenzenesulfonic acid using hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrite or sulfuric acid and sodium nitrite. • This compound is coupled with 6 -hydroxy-2 -naphthalenesulfonic acid. • The dye is isolated as the sodium salt and dried.
Uses • Sunset yellow is used in a range of foods and drink including cakes, icecream, soft drink, cordial and flavoured milks. • It is estimated that the average Australian consumes about 1 mg /day with 90% of people eating less than 3. 5 mg/day. • Some Australian soft drinks can have up to 100 mg/kg of Sunset Yellow FCF • A 25 g bottle of Sunset Yellow FCF costs approximately A$50 • It is also used in cosmetics
Health Effects • Sunset Yellow FCF is not a carcinogen • It has been suggested that a diet containing Sunset Yellow FCF, other synthetic dyes and sodium benzoate increases hyperactivity • Very high doses (100 x the Australian limit) can cause effects to the testes and lipid levels in rats • The Australian Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) is 2. 5 mg/kg bw/day • The European Food Standards Authority ADI has recently been reduced to 1 mg/kg bw/day
Conclusion • Sunset Yellow FCF or additive 110 is a sodium salt of a sulfonated azo aromatic hydrocarbon • In small amounts Sunset Yellow FCF is safe • There are some concerns about health influences • Most people are well below the advisable intake • Like most food additives it should be taken in moderation
References • American Chemical Society, 2014, Substance Details - CAS Registry Number: 2783 -94 -0, Online http: //www. commonchemistry. org/Chemical. Detail. aspx? ref=2783 -94 -0 viewed 5 th May • EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to food, 2009, Scientific Opinion on the re-evaluation of Sunset Yellow FCF (E 110) as a food additive. EFSA Journal 2009; Vol 7 Number 11 44 pp, Online: http: //www. efsa. europa. eu/en/efsajournal/pub/1330. htm# • Food Standards Australia New Zealand, 2008, Survey of Added Colours in Foods Available in Australia, Online http: //www. foodstandards. gov. au/science/monitoring/surveillance/documents/Colours%2 0 Survey_Final%20 Report%2022%20 Oct%2008%20(2). pdf viewed 5 th May • Food Standards Australia New Zealand, 2012, Food Additives-Numerical List, Online http: //www. foodstandards. gov. au/consumer/additives/additiveoverview/documents/Food %20 Additive%20 Code%20 Numbers(July%202012). pdf viewed 10 th April • Miansari 66, 2011, Food Colour SSY, Online http: //commons. wikimedia. org/wiki/File: Food_Colour_SSY. JPG viewed 5 th May • National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2013, F D and C Yellow Number 6, Online http: //pubchem. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/summary. cgi? cid=6093232#x 50 viewed 5 th May • Sigma-Aldrich, 2014, Sunset Yellow FCF, Online http: //www. sigmaaldrich. com/catalog/product/aldrich/465224? lang=en®ion=AU viewed 5 th May.
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