Summary Talk by Arnon Dar Dedicated as a

Summary Talk by Arnon Dar Dedicated as a tribute to Jean Tran Thanh Van and Kim who step aside after initiating and organizing the past 44 Rencontres de Moriond in order to promote scientific collaboration and spread scientific knowledge beyond borders and ideological and racial barriers

Highlights on some key results presented in this conference in three major areas and on some observations relevant to life on planet Earth Observing the Universe with High Energy Gamma Ray. Cosmic Ray- and Neutrino Telescopes. Understanding and Modeling the High Energy Cosmic Sources eir Observed High Energy Emissions. Recent Signs From Astrophysics And Cosmology On New Physics

UHECR Physics Issues: (J. Belz, Hi. Res) ● Does a high-energy suppression exist? Is it due to the GZK effect? ● What are the extragalactic sources? ● What is the cause of the ankle? ● Is the ankle accompanied by a composition change? ● Where is the galactic-to-extragalactic transition in the spectrum and perhaps in composition? ● What is the cause of the second knee? GZK

What are the extragalactic sources? PAO: AGN TRACERS OF UHECRs SOURCES – Θmax = 3. 1° – Emin = 56 Ee. V – Zmax = 0. 018 Abrahams et al. , Science 318, 938 (2007), Astroparticle Physics 29, 188 (2008): Association by chance: P = 0. 0017 THE BIRTH Of UHECRs ASTRONOMY ?

Hi. Res Search, PAO Criteria Correlation seen in 2/13 events > 56 Ee. V 3. 2 expected randomly P = 83% No Effect θmax = 3. 1° Emin = 56 Ee. V zmax = 0. 018 Cen A M 87 The ‘Birth of UHECRs ASTRONOMY’ not confirmed by Hi. Res

What is the cause of the ankle? Fabian Schüssler, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany Denis Allard APC, CNRS/Université Paris 7 The ankle can be pair production dip in the extragalactic flux due to the energy and Z dependence of the pair production Xsection The composition is getting heavy at the highest energies ? Realistic calculations must include diffusion of CRs below the knee into the Galaxy

● Is the ankle accompanied by a composition change ● Where is the galactic-to-extragalactic transition in the spectrum and perhaps in composition? Hires Comparison between Hi. Res and PAO knee

UHERs - Conclusions 1. Allowing for a 10% adjustment in the relative normalization, Hi. Re. S and PAO measure a similar spectrum of UHECRs 2. Hi. Re. S does not confirm the `birth of UHECR Astronomy claimed by PAO (Arrival directions correlated with nearby AGN) 3. Hi. Res find a change in composition around the CR ankle to pure proton composition. PAO finds a significant fraction of nuclei above the CR ankle which increases with energy. More Statistics/analysis are Needed to Resolve these Discrepancies

Gamma Ray Telescopes

Sensitivity of gamma-ray detectors

Amanda Weinstein (VERITAS Collaboration)

Explosion of VHE Gamma Ray Sources More than 80 VHE sources known, and the number is keeping increasing. Diverse population of VHE sources: Galactic: Pulsars, SNR/PWNs, Binaries, Microquasars, OB Associations Extragalactic: Radio Galaxies, Blazars, BL-LACs (12 confirmed sources) But: No -ray signal from galaxy clusters found (yet) – Upper limits by EGRET, HESS, VERITAS No Te. V -ray signal from GRB found (yet) Wystan Benbow, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics

Fermi so far: ~21 young radio pulsars ~15 new young pulsars ~9 MSPs Fermi-LAT pulsar detections (L. Guillemot) MSPs = pink dots. All of them are Galactic field sources. (close sources => appear outside of Galactic plane)

limits on the EBL density The spectrum of Quasar 3 C 279 (z=0. 536) the most distant detected (MAGIC) VHE γ-ray source put strong limits on the EBL density suggesting an EBL on the level of galaxy count Daniel Mazin

Dark Matter

Dark Matter or Modified Gravity (e. g. MOND) ? Evidence for DM from two Cosmic Supercolliders the "Bullet. Cluster" 1 E 0657 -56 and MACSJ 0025 -1222 Total Mass Gas Galaxies observed Optically Hot Gas Observed by X-ray Emission Total Mass Maped by Weak Gravitational Lensing Maruša Bradač (UCSB)

New Signs of Dark Matter?

PAMELA is the first space experiment which ismeasuring the antiproton and positron cosmic-ray components to the high energies (100 Ge. V) with an unprecedented statistical accuracy. Antiproton to Proton Ratio Positron Fraction F. S. Cafagna, XLIV Recontres De Moriond, La Thuille 7 th Feb. 2009

Positron Fraction Pulsar Component Atoyan et al. 95 Pulsar Component Yüksel et al. 08 Pulsar Component Zhang & Cheng 01 Secondary production Moskalenko & Strong 98

If PAMELA positron ratio is correct: ½? Dark matter fingerprints ? CR propagation from nearby SNe ? (spiral arm SNe: Piran+Shaviv) Moskalenko & Strong 1998

Michael Schubnell: Caution: Misidentified CR p’s ? Consistent with charge signdependent solar modulation. HEAT- e± was first to employ powerful particle ID (rigidity vs. TRD vs. EM shower development) Resulting in improved hadron rejection ( ). In the region of interest PAMELA and HEAT are completely consistent with each other.

Near Future Results on Electron Spectrum: PAMELA & FERMI (GLAST) (taking data in space); ATIC-4 (had successful balloon flight, under analysis); CREST (new balloon payload under development); AMS-02 (launch date TBD); CALET (proposed for ISS); ECAL (proposed balloon experiment). Positron / Electron Separation: PAMELA & AMS-02

Significant enhancement in the e flux around E ~ 600 Ge. V? Anihilation of ~ 600 Ge. V WIMP? (Extra dimension extension of the particle SM) ? Undiscovered extremely nearby astrophysical sources (Pulsars? ) ? ATIC 2001 & 2003 Michael Schubnell University of Michigan electron Knee ?

1. The ATIC excess of electrons around 600 Ge. V implies a bump in the diffuse GBR around 1 Ge. V due to inverse Compton scattering (ICS) of the MBR which is not seen in the LAT data. (The largest enhancement should be observed at large latitudes where hadronic production of photons (via is strongly reduced relative to ICS. ) 2. The CB model of CR acceleration in Galactic GRBs (mostly pointing away from us) predicted a CRe `knee’ at, as observed by H. E. S. S.

NO GEV EXCESS IN THE DIFFUSE GBR Guolaugur Johannesson (Stanford) The EGRET Ge. V excess is not seen with the LAT. The measured intermediate latitude γ-ray spectra can be explained by cosmic ray propagation models based on the locally observed spectrum of cosmic-ray nuclei and electrons. No Ge. V excess No evidence for Ge. V gammas from dark matter anihilation

Not so good news for nu Astronomy No -ray signal from galaxy clusters found (yet) – Upper limits by EGRET, HESS, VERITAS Dalibor Nedbal, Wilfried Domainko Charles University, Prague Intracluster HE neutrinos: No detectable flux of intracluster HE neutrinos No Te. V -ray signal from GRB found (yet) No detectable flux of Te. V neutrinos from GRBs Te. V Gamma Fluxes Suggest Too Small Fluxes to be Detected with current nu Telescopes

The GRB Debate ---------------------------------------------------------SSUE Majority View Minority View Observational Verdict (Year) ---------------------------------------------------------Origin Man made Nature Phenomena Vela Satellites 1967 -1972 Place Solar System Outside Solar System (by Triangulation) 1967 - 1973 Galactic Disk Cosmological - CGRO 1973 -1992 Large Galactic halo Ditant Galaxies Beppo. SAX , HST, GBTs 1997 Mechanism Relativistic Fireball Relativistic Jets Producer n*-n* Merger SN Explosion CGRO, Beppo. SAX 1992 -1999 Beppo. SAX , HST, GBTs 1998 -2003 Radiation SR ICS Beppo. SAX+Swift 1999 -2008 ---------------------------------------------------------On-going debate (no concenus) : Jets Conical Thin Shells Cannonbals Swift , HST, GBTs Composition Ordinary Matter Source Hypernova SN Type Ib/c (and II ? ) HST, GBTs SN –GRBs Small fraction of SN Perhaps all SNIb/c Integral Radiation SSC ICS of glory light Swift, Fermi Remnant BH, Magnetar n* or BH Swift , Fermi HST, GBTs Fermi

GRB 080825 C: the 1 st LAT GRB Jonathan Granot

SHB 081024 SHB with >1 Ge. V Delayed HE emission longer than the SHB n. The delay of the HE emission seems to be a common feature of the GRBs observed by the LAT so far. Jonathan Granot

Cosmic Threats From Gamma Ray Bursts and Cosmic Ray Bursts: Supernova Explosions Merger of Compact Stars Collapse of Compact Stars Mass Accretion onto Compact Stars SN 1054 The Crab Nebula. Light from 6500 light years reached Earth first in 1054. Cosmic Ray flux Modulation by : (global warming) Solar Activity Solar system passage through Spiral Arms Terrestrial Loss of Magnetic Shield The largest ever recorded solar flare. EUV SOHO image.

GRB 080319 B's X-ray afterglow Swift’s X-ray image of GRB 080319 B's optical afterglow GRB 080319 B Was billion times more luminous than ordinary supernovae and the most distant object (6. 5 billion year look-back time) which could be seen by the naked eye.

The Galactic Monster Eta Carinae is currently the most massive star with the highest confirmed luminosity in the Galaxy at a distance of 7500 Ly from the sun. It had a giant eruption in 1843, and within a few years it emitted as much light as a supernova, faded and re-brightened recently. It may explode in a supernova or an hypernova (SN like SN 2006 gy, 238 million Ly from Earth) and produce a GRB within the next millenia or even in a few years (like SN 2006 jc at 77 million Ly away which erupted in almost an SN size explosion two years earlier). Placing GRB 990123 or GRB 080319 B at 7500 Ly from Earth: Equivalent to ~100 million one-kt A-bombs distributed uniformly (one per km 2 ) at the top of the atmosphere, over the entire hemisphere facing Eta Carinae, and exploding simultaneously. Imminent Catastrophe ?

Will Eta Carinae end in a supernova explosion ? -Yes, probably in a hypernova=supernova (like SN 2006 gy, at 238 million Ly from Earth) Will Eta Carinae Produce a GRB ? -Yes, but probably beamed away from us, and I better be right! Pointing direction: away from Earth Cannonball model : Fireball model Beam’s opening angle: EARTH SAFE! EARTH UNSAFE?

Indirect Evidence for Beaming from GRB light curves Breaks have different origin in the FB and the CB models. The estimated opening angle of the GRB is model dependent. Light curves with/ without breaks are reproduced well by the CB model, but not by the FB model! `Break’

Thank you for your attention

Cannonballs fired by SN 1987 A Nisenson & Papaliolios, Ap. J, 518, L 29 (1999) Approaching CB (superluminal) Release: SN 1987 A Converted to Energy of a Cosmic Ray Beam and a Gamma Ray Burst Receding CB

Global Warming

Tree Rings: Proxy of atmospheric CO 2 level: CO 2 content* Proxy of cosmic ray flux: C 14 content** Proxy of the solar cycle duration*** Earth temperture is correlated with cycle duration: ** Carbon-14 is created in n+N 14 p+C 14 by neutrons produced in cosmic ray showers in the upper atmosphere