Summary of the MultiMessenger Astronomy Workshop Garmt de

Summary of the Multi-Messenger Astronomy Workshop Garmt de Vries Les Houches, 2002 Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Multi-Messenger Astronomy Workshop • Organisers: D. Smith & A. Barrau • 2 sessions planned • 2 sessions added Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Goal of the workshop: To dive into the wonderful world of astrophysical catalogues! Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

We play a little game: • Imagine a 0. 1 km 2 detector with 3 years of data resolution ~ 1 o • After subtracting the atmospheric background there is one bin with 7 events: RA = 12 h 34’ δ = - 56. 78 o • What can this be? Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Possible explanations • Statistical fluctuations • Gamma Ray Burst (GRB) • Super. Nova (SN) • Pulsar, Super. Nova Remnant (SNR) • Active Galactic Nucleus (AGN) • Super. Symmetry (SUSY) • Microquasar • . . . . Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

How to play the game? • Look in catalogues at this place • Look for coincidence with VIRGO, HETE, AUGER, . . . • Look at various models Which model(s) can be excluded? Which model(s) explain(s) the data best? We split up into subgroups and investigate the various hypotheses Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Let the game begin! Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Statistical fluctuations (S. Cartwright et al. ) It is known from previous experience that: 30 bins give a background of 3 events/year expect ~ 0. 3 event/bin in 3 years Probability of finding 7 events in this bin: 3. 2 10 -8 Probability of finding 7 events in at least one of the 40, 000 bins: 1. 3 10 -3 Probably not a statistical fluctuation Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

GRB (S. Ferry et al. ) There are 3 GRBs close to RA = 188. 5 o δ = - 56. 78 o in the BATSE catalogue: 4 B 950628 RA = 180 o l = 295. 72 o δ = -55. 88 o b = 6. 27 o Error box radius: 4. 93 o GRB 961224 RA = 182. 84 o l = 298. 66 o δ = -64. 64 o b = -2. 11 o Error box radius: 5. 4 o GRB 971210 RA = 176. 91 o l = 293. 04 o δ = -51. 95 o b = 9. 69 o Error box radius: 1. 11 o Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

GRB (continued) Possible actions: • Send alert to SN people (GRB SN? ) • Try to get timing information • Look for γ-rays • If both γ and ν observed GRB not leptonic • If no γ observed choked GRB? (look for afterglow!) Multi-messenger interplay is certainly possible Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

AGN (N. Girard et al. ) There is no quasar near RA = 188. 5 o δ = - 56. 78 o Other types of AGN have not been looked for Anyway, hadronic models predict ~ 100 times fewer ν events This hypothesis can be excluded Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Microquasar (S. Karkar et al. ) No microquasar was seen near RA = 188. 5 o δ = - 56. 78 o This hypothesis can be excluded Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

SUSY (S. Cartwright et al. ) One could expect a SUSY signal from: • Galactic centre • Sun • Centre of the earth None of these are close to RA = 188. 5 o δ = - 56. 78 o Perhaps a galactic halo clump? One would also expect to see ~ 10 Ge. V γ-rays Further investigation needed Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Diffuse background (A. Romeyer et al. ) Yellow area: 4 detection possible It seems to be difficult to get a good signal Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Conclusions Our cluster of 7 events is not due to statistical fluctuations To say more, we need further information: Time Energy Other messengers Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Neutrino Astronomy with MACRO This paper describes exactly the game we played Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Neutrino Astronomy with MACRO Search for pointlike sources with clustering algorithm: Look in 1. 5 o, 3 o, 5 o around each of the 1100 muon events 60 clusters of 4 events found in 3 o cone RA δ # events 222. 5 o -72. 7 o 7 188. 1 o -48. 1 o 6 342. 5 o -74. 4 o 6 Compatible with atmospheric ν background Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Neutrino Astronomy with MACRO Search among known point sources: Make a list of 42 sources that look interesting Look in 1. 5 o, 3 o, 5 o around each of these sources Everything is compatible with atmospheric ν background Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Neutrino Astronomy with MACRO observed neutrinos from the direction of microquasar GX 339 – 4: “We notice that there are six events from GX 339 – 4 in a 3 o search cone with chance probability P = 6 10 -3. Considering that we have looked at 42 sources, the probability of finding such an excess from at least one of these sources is 8. 6%. ” Still, this source was interesting enough for our working group to investigate it Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Microquasars (courtesy F. Mirabel) Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

GX 339 – 4 Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

GX 339 – 4 Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

GX 339 – 4 Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Neutrinos from GX 339 – 4 2000 Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Neutrinos from GX 339 – 4 10/10/95 21/02/97 06/07/98 18/11/99 Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002 01/04/01

The big question: How surprising is it to see 7 neutrinos from GX 339 – 4 during and after its active period? Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Neutrinos from microquasars Presentation by D. Guetta: Predictions of neutrino fluxes from microquasars GX 339 – 4 is one of the most powerful neutrino sources among microquasars: ~ 200 upward going muon events per year in 1 km 3 However: This prediction is based on the assumption that GX 339 – 4 is persistent. The active state has not been taken into account. Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Neutrinos from microquasars There is no a priori connection between soft X-ray activity and neutrino emission Correlation between dip in ~ 50 ke. V photons and neutrino emission could be understood: Source optically thick for these γ more γ present that can serve as a target for ν production But the connection is not very clear. . . Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Statistics What is the probability of seeing these 7 neutrinos from the direction of GX 339 – 4 ? Seeing 7 neutrinos during 7 years 3 10 -3 Seeing 3 neutrinos during the 450 days active period 4 10 -3 Seeing 3 neutrinos clustered in a 30 day period during 7 years 1 10 -4 Chance probability ~ few 10 -3 Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Statistics We need the probability of finding 7 events from at least one of the sources considered: the microquasars on thefor list: Looking only at all at 42 GX 339 sources –on 4 and the SS 433, MACRO list: which a high neutrino flux is predicted: -2 -2 PP 8. 6 61 10 10 -3 But how valid is all this? Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Other signals? Super-K sees nothing AMANDA GX 339 – 4 is above AMANDA’s horizon ? ? ANTARES ? ? terrestrial gamma flashes? BATSE GX 339 – 4 is visible for 19. 6 hrs/day Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Neutrinos from other microquasars? A high flux is also predicted for microquasar SS 433 (835 events year-1 km 3) MACRO sees no neutrinos from this sources No active periods! Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

☺ ☺ ☺ Microquasars emit neutrinos ☺ ☺ during ☺ their active ☺ state ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ Neutrinos from other microquasars? A very bold assumption: One would have to look at all the microquasars in MACRO’s field of view, and search for a correlation. Two things may happen. . . Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Further ideas: • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

To be continued. . . Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002

Multi-Messenger Astronomy - Garmt de Vries - Les Houches 2002