SUMMARY OF REDUCTION OF ADVERB CLAUSES An adverb

SUMMARY OF REDUCTION OF ADVERB CLAUSES

• An adverb clause can be changed to a modifying phrase only when the subject of the adverb clause and the subject of the main clause are the same.

1 - SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTION + SUBJECT + BE + VERB a. Keep the subordinate conjunction b. Drop: subject + be i. While I was talking to Sam, I noticed an old friend. ii. While I was talking to Sam, I noticed an old friend.

2 - SUBORDINATE CONJONCTION + SUBJECT + VERB a. Keep the subordinate conjunction b. Drop the subject c. Change the verb to –ing form (gerund) i. After I ate breakfast, I went to work. ii. After I ate eating breakfast, I went to work.

3 - BECAUSE / AS / SINCE* (CAUSE AND EFFECT CONJUNCTIONS) a. Drop the subordinate conjunction b. Drop the subject c. Change the verb to –ing form (gerund) i. Because Sue needed to read the book, she borrowed a copy from the library. ii. Because Sue needed Needing to read the book, she Sue borrowed a copy from the library.

3 - BECAUSE / AS / SINCE* (CAUSE AND EFFECT CONJUNCTIONS) • Having + past participle gives the meaning not only of "because” but also of “before. ” • Because I have seen that movie before, I didn’t want to go again. • Having seen that movie before, I didn’t want to go again.

3 - BECAUSE / AS / SINCE* (CAUSE AND EFFECT CONJUNCTIONS) • A form of be in the adverb clause may be changed to being. The use of being makes the cause-and-effect relationship clear. • Because she was unable to afford a car, she bought a bicycle. • Being unable to afford a car, she bought a bicycle. • Unable to afford a car, she bought a bicycle.

4 - WHEN 1. You can either follow the general rule: i. When I arrived to school, I started reviewing for the exam. i. When arriving to school, I started reviewing for the exam. 2. Or: a. Replace when with upon b. Drop the subject c. Change the verb to –ing form (gerund) i. When I arrived to school, I started reviewing for the exam. ii. When I arrived Upon arriving to school, I started reviewing for the exam.