Summary from Organic Chemistry Packet Introduction to organic

Summary from Organic Chemistry Packet: Introduction to organic chemistry

1. Nomenclature based on alkanes • Know alkanes for C 1 -C 10 • Recognize the formula/name of – Alkenes (double bond) – Alkynes (triple bond) – Cycloalkanes (ring structure) Ex: Write the chemical formula and structural formula for: Octane 2 - Butyne 1, 3 - Heptadiene

Hydrocarbons • Compounds of C and H and often a third or more additional elements • Subgroups: – Alkanes: Containing only C-C single bonds – Alkenes: C=C double bonds as well as single bonds – Alkynes: carbon-carbon triple bonds as well as single bonds. – Aromatic: hydrocarbons containing benzene rings.

2. Branched alkanes and isomers • Understand the basic rules for writing & naming branched alkanes. • Recognize and name structural isomers Ex: Name the following molecules:

Hydrocarbons & Structural Isomerism Isomers of C 5 H 12 has 3 structural isomers. C 6 H 14 has 5 C 7 H 14 has 9 And so on

How many isomers can you draw for heptane?

Alkenes: Compounds with C=C Double Bonds • Result of loss of free rotation about the C=C brings about “Geometric Isomers” • Increase in reactivity over alkanes • X-Y addition reactions are possible • X 2, HX and H 2 O can add across the double bond.

Geometric (stereo) Isomers: • Recognize the terms cis-, trans- isomers – Unsaturated molecules – Orientation around the double bond

Naming Alkenes: cis & trans

Alkynes • Alkynes have carbon-carbon triple bonds. • C 2 H 2 : common name = acetylene systematic name = ethyne Preparation: Ca. C 2(s) + 2 H 2 O(l) C 2 H 2 (g) + Ca(OH)2(s)

Aromatic compounds • Benzene, C 6 H 6, is a key molecule in chemistry. • It is the simplest aromatic compound, a class of compounds so named because they have significant, and usually not unpleasant, odors.

Functional Groups: • Recognize functional groups • Name compounds based on functional groups

Organic chemistry & reactions • Be familiar with some basic properties of an organic reaction: – – Combustion (know this for sure!) Condensation (H 2 O removed) Addition ( of a halogen to an unsaturated alkane) Substitution (of a halide)