SUMMARIZING PARAPHRASING QUOTING CITATION INFORMATION PROVIDED BY PURDUE

SUMMARIZING, PARAPHRASING, QUOTING, & CITATION INFORMATION PROVIDED BY PURDUE UNIVERSITY WRITING CENTER

ANY TIME YOU USE SOMEONE ELSE’S IDEAS, YOU MUST GIVE THEM CREDIT OR YOU ARE PLAGIARIZING. THERE ARE THREE DIFFERENT WAYS TO USE ANOTHER PERSON’S IDEAS IN YOUR PAPER, QUOTING DIRECTLY, PARAPHRASING AND SUMMARIZING. DIRECT QUOTE PARAPHRASING SUMMARIZING

BELOW IS HOW PURDUE UNIVERSITY DESCRIBES EACH. QUOTATION PARAPHRASING SUMMARIZING THEY MUST BE IDENTICAL TO THE ORIGINAL, USING A NARROW SEGMENT OF THE SOURCE. THEY MUST MATCH THE SOURCE DOCUMENT WORD FOR WORD AND MUST BE ATTRIBUTED TO THE ORIGINAL AUTHOR. THEY INVOLVE PUTTING A PASSAGE FROM SOURCE MATERIAL INTO YOUR OWN WORDS. A PARAPHRASE MUST ALSO BE ATTRIBUTED TO THE ORIGINAL SOURCE. PARAPHRASED MATERIAL IS USUALLY SHORTER THAN THE ORIGINAL PASSAGE, TAKING A SOMEWHAT BROADER SEGMENT OF THE SOURCE AND CONDENSING IT SLIGHTLY. THEY INVOLVE PUTTING THE MAIN IDEA(S) INTO YOUR OWN WORDS, INCLUDING ONLY THE MAIN POINT(S). ONCE AGAIN, IT IS NECESSARY TO ATTRIBUTE SUMMARIZED IDEAS TO THE ORIGINAL SOURCE. SUMMARIES ARE SIGNIFICANTLY SHORTER THAN THE ORIGINAL AND TAKE A BROAD OVERVIEW OF THE SOURCE MATERIAL.

PARAPHRASING • PARAPHRASING INVOLVES PUTTING A PASSAGE FROM SOURCE MATERIAL INTO YOUR OWN WORDS. A PARAPHRASE MUST ALSO BE ATTRIBUTED TO THE ORIGINAL SOURCE. PARAPHRASED MATERIAL IS USUALLY SHORTER THAN THE ORIGINAL PASSAGE, TAKING A SOMEWHAT BROADER SEGMENT OF THE SOURCE AND CONDENSING IT SLIGHTLY. PARAPHRASES ALSO HELP ONE SHAPE THE MEANING FROM THE TEXT TO ONE’S SPECIFIC PROJECT. • SOME INSTRUCTORS WILL SAY THAT 4 CONSECUTIVE WORDS WILL MAKE A PARAPHRASE TOO CLOSE TO THE ORIGINAL LANGUAGE. THIS IS CERTAINLY A GREY AREA; CHECK AND SEE WHAT YOUR INSTRUCTOR SAYS.

PARAPHRASING 5 STEPS TO EFFECTIVE PARAPHRASING: 1. READ AND THEN REREAD THE ORIGINAL PASSAGE UNTIL YOU UNDERSTAND ITS FULL MEANING. 2. TAKE NOTES ON THE MOST ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF THE PASSAGE—THE MAIN CLAIM, SUPPORTING CLAIMS, EVIDENCE, EXPLANATIONS, ETC. 3. SET THE ORIGINAL ASIDE, THEN WRITE YOUR PARAPHRASE ON ANOTHER SHEET OF PAPER. 4. CHECK YOUR RENDITION WITH THE ORIGINAL TO MAKE SURE THAT YOUR VERSION ACCURATELY EXPRESSES ALL THE ESSENTIAL INFORMATION IN A NEW FORM. THIS TAKES TIME TO MASTER; DON’T WORRY IF YOU HAVE TROUBLE CHANGING THE ORIGINAL LANGUAGE INTO YOUR OWN LANGUAGE. 5. IF YOU HAVE BORROWED ANY UNIQUE TERMS OR PHRASES FROM THE ORIGINAL SOURCE, USE QUOTATION MARKS TO IDENTIFY THEM AND INCLUDE AN INTERNAL CITATION.

QUOTING OTHERS • USING THE WORDS OF OTHERS CAN BE TRICKY BUSINESS. YOU TYPICALLY ONLY WANT TO USE A DIRECT QUOTATION IN THE FOLLOWING SITUATIONS: IF YOU’RE USING THAT STATEMENT AS A PIECE OF EVIDENCE FOR YOUR OWN ARGUMENT, IF YOU’RE ESTABLISHING ANOTHER’S POSITION, OR IF ANOTHER PERSON HAS SAID SOMETHING BETTER AND MORE CLEARLY THAN YOU CAN. • THE MAIN PROBLEM WITH USING QUOTATIONS HAPPENS WHEN WRITERS ASSUME THAT THE MEANING OF THE QUOTATION IS OBVIOUS. WRITERS WHO MAKE THIS MISTAKE BELIEVE THAT THEIR JOB IS DONE WHEN THEY’VE CHOSEN A QUOTATION AND INSERTED IT INTO THEIR TEXT. QUOTATIONS NEED TO BE TAKEN FROM THEIR ORIGINAL CONTEXT AND INTEGRATED FULLY INTO THEIR NEW TEXTUAL SURROUNDINGS. EVERY QUOTATION NEEDS TO HAVE YOUR OWN WORDS APPEAR IN THE SAME SENTENCE. HERE ARE SOME EASY TO USE TEMPLATES* FOR DOING THIS TYPE OF INTRODUCTION:

TEMPLATES TO HELP YOU INCORPORATE QUOTES • X STATES, “_____. ” • AS THE WORLD-FAMOUS SCHOLAR X EXPLAINS IT, “____. ” • AS CLAIMED BY X, “______. ” • IN HER ARTICLE _______, X SUGGESTS THAT “_____. ” • IN X’S PERSPECTIVE, “______. ” • X CONCURS WHEN SHE NOTES, “_______. ”

WORK CITED PAGE • A COMPLETE LIST OF EVERY SOURCE THAT YOU MAKE REFERENCE TO IN YOUR ESSAY • PROVIDES THE INFORMATION NECESSARY FOR A READER TO LOCATE AND RETRIEVE ANY SOURCES CITED IN YOUR ESSAY. • SHOULD HAVE SOURCES LISTED ALPHABETICALLY BY THE FIRST WORD IN THE SOURCE. • FIRST LINE SHOULD BE FLUSH TO LEFT MARGIN WITH SUBSEQUENT LINES IN A HANGING INDENT.

A SAMPLE WORKS CITED PAGE Smith 12 Works Cited Dickens, Charles. Bleak House. 1852 -1853. New York: Penguin, 1985. ---. David Copperfield. 1849 -1850. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1958. Miller, J. Hillis. Charles Dickens: The World and His Novels. Bloomington: U of Indiana P, 1958. Zwerdling, Alex. “Esther Summerson Rehabilitated. ” PMLA 88 (May 1973): 429 -439. Purdue University Writing Lab

WHEN SHOULD YOU USE PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS? • WHEN QUOTING ANY WORDS THAT ARE NOT YOUR OWN • WHEN SUMMARIZING FACTS AND IDEAS FROM A SOURCE • WHEN PARAPHRASING A SOURCE

HANDLING CITATION • AUTHOR’S LAST NAME AND PAGE NUMBER(S) OF QUOTE MUST APPEAR IN THE TEXT. BELOW ARE TWO WAYS OF DOING THIS. • ROMANTIC POETRY IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE “SPONTANEOUS OVERFLOW OF POWERFUL FEELINGS” (WORDSWORTH 263). • WORDSWORTH STATED THAT ROMANTIC POETRY WAS MARKED BY A “SPONTANEOUS OVERFLOW OF POWERFUL FEELINGS” (263). • IF THE SOURCE HAS NO KNOWN AUTHOR, THEN USE AN ABBREVIATED VERSION OF THE TITLE: • FULL TITLE: “CALIFORNIA CIGARETTE TAX DETERS SMOKERS” • CITATION: (“CALIFORNIA” A 14) • IF THE SOURCE IS ONLY ONE PAGE IN LENGTH OR IS A WEB PAGE WITH NO APPARENT PAGINATION: • SOURCE: DAVE POLAND’S “HOT BUTTON” WEB COLUMN • CITATION: (POLAND)

COMMENTARY • NOW THAT YOU’VE SUCCESSFULLY USED THE QUOTATION IN YOUR SENTENCE, IT’S TIME TO EXPLAIN WHAT THAT QUOTATIONS MEANS—EITHER IN A GENERAL SENSE OR IN THE CONTEXT OF YOUR ARGUMENT. HERE ARE SOME TEMPLATES FOR EXPLAINING QUOTATIONS: • TEMPLATES FOR EXPLAINING QUOTATIONS • IN OTHER WORDS, X ASSERTS _____. • IN ARGUING THIS CLAIM, X ARGUES THAT _____. • X IS INSISTING THAT _____. • WHAT X REALLY MEANS IS THAT ______. • THE BASIS OF X’S ARGUMENT IS THAT ______.