Substance Extracellular Fluid Intracellular Fluid Na 140 mmolL

Substance Extracellular Fluid Intracellular Fluid Na+ 140 mmol/L 10 mmol/L K+ 4 mmol/L 140 mmol/L Ca 2+ (free) 2. 5 mmol/L 0. 1 mol/L Mg 2+ 1. 5 mmol/L 30 mmol/L CI– 100 mmol/L 4 mmol/L HCO 3– 27 mmol/L 10 mmol/L PO 43– 2 mmol/L 60 mmol/L Glucose 5. 5 mmol/L 0– 1 mmol/L Protein 2 g/d. L 16 g/d. L

Table 12. 1 Extracellular and Intracellular Ion Concentrations

Figure 12. 1 Bilayer Structure of the Plasma Membrane

Figure 12. 2 Lipid Components of the Plasma Membrane

Figure 12. 3 Fluid Mosaic Model of the Plasma Membrane

Figure 12. 4 Solubilization of Integral Membrane Proteins by Detergents (Part 1)

Figure 12. 4 Solubilization of Integral Membrane Proteins by Detergents (Part 2)

Figure 12. 6 Integral Membrane Proteins of Red Blood Cells

Figure 12. 9 Examples of Proteins Anchored in the Plasma Membrane by Lipids and Glycolipids

Figure 12. 10 Mobility of Membrane Proteins

Figure 12. 11 A Polarized Intestinal Epithelial Cell

Figure 12. 12 Structure of Lipid Rafts

Figure 12. 13 The Glycocalyx

Figure 12. 15 Permeability of Phospholipid Bilayers

Figure 12. 16 Structure of the Glucose Transporter

Morris J. Birnbaum , M. D. , Ph. D. • School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania • Rhoda and Willard Ware Professor of Diabetes and Metabolic Disease, • Depts of Medicine, Cell and Developmental Biology, Pharmacology, • Howard Hughes Medical Institute

Figure 12. 17 Model for the Facilitated Diffusion of Glucose

Figure 12. 18 Model of an Ion Channel

Figure 12. 22 Signaling by Neurotransmitter Release at a Synapse (Part 1)

Figure 12. 22 Signaling by Neurotransmitter Release at a Synapse (Part 2)

Figure 12. 23 Model of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor

Figure 12. 32 Active Transport of Glucose (Part 1)

Figure 12. 32 Active Transport of Glucose (Part 2)

Figure 12. 33 Glucose Transport by Intestinal Epithelial Cells (Part 1)

Figure 12. 33 Glucose Transport by Intestinal Epithelial Cells (Part 2)

Figure 12. 33 Glucose Transport by Intestinal Epithelial Cells (Part 3)

Figure 12. 34 Examples of Antiport

• Schematic diagram of a gap junction. One connexon is made from two hemiconnexons. Each hemiconnexon is made from six connexin molecules. Small solutes are able to diffuse through the central channel, providing a direct mechanism of cell-cell communication.

Figure 12. 35 Phagocytosis

Figure 12. 36 Examples of Phagocytic Cells

Figure 12. 37 Clathrin-Coated Vesicle Formation (Part 1)

Figure 12. 37 Clathrin-Coated Vesicle Formation (Part 2)

Figure 12. 38 Structure of LDL

Figure 12. 39 The LDL Receptor (Part 1)

Figure 12. 39 The LDL Receptor (Part 2)

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1985 • • "for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism“ Michael S. Brown and Joseph L. Goldstein

Inflammatory cholesterol-rich atherosclerotic plaques in coronary arteries nourishing heart muscle.

Figure 12. 40 Formation of Clathrin-Coated Pits (Part 1)

Figure 12. 40 Formation of Clathrin-Coated Pits (Part 2)

Figure 12. 41 Caveolae

Figure 12. 42 Sorting in Early Endosomes

Figure 12. 43 Recycling of Synaptic Vesicles

Figure 12. 44 Protein Sorting by Transcytosis

Molecular Medicine 12. 1 Cystic Fibrosis

Francis S. Collins, M. D. , Ph. D • • the gene for cystic fibrosis 1989. the neurofibromatosis gene in 1990, And the gene for Huntington disease in 1993 the second director of the National Center for Human Genome Research, following in the footsteps of James Watson.

What Is Cystic Fibrosis? • Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease that alters the body's respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems. • It affects the body's epithelial cells that comprise the lining of the lungs, pancreas, liver, sweat glands, digestive tract, and reproductive system. •

What Causes Cystic Fibrosis? • Normally, the epithelial cells release a slippery layer of mucous that captures dust and germs, and acts as a lubricant. • A person with cystic fibrosis inherited a gene that causes the epithelial cells to produce a defective protein. • That protein leads to the formation of thick, sticky mucus, which causes many serious problems. • .

Effects of Cystic Fibrosis • The sticky mucus can: • clog the bronchial, interfere with breathing, causing coughing and wheezing, cause fatigue, interfere with digestion and absorption of nutrients, which can limit growth and weight gain and cause chronic diarrhea.

Symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis • Common symptoms • persistent coughing, • poor weight gain, • bulky stools, • very salty-tasting skin in infants.

Treating Cystic Fibrosis • Treatment of cystic fibrosis varies according to the stage of the disease and which organs are affected