Subjects and Predicates Every sentence is made up
Subjects and Predicates Every sentence is made up of a complete subject and complete predicate. The complete subject is the part of the sentence that tells who or what is performing an action. The complete predicate is the part that tells what action is being performed.
Simple Subjects and Simple Predicates Every complete subject has a simple subject—the specific word that tells precisely who or what is performing an action. Every complete predicate has a simple predicate—the specific word that tells precisely what action is being performed.
Nouns A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. Examples PERSON: Joe, fireman, Mom PLACE: New York, home, Atlantic Ocean THING: dog, okra, couch IDEA: friendship, love, happiness
Verbs A verb is a word that shows an action or a state of existence. Examples Present tense: run, runs, sleeps, discovers Past tense: ran, slept, discovered
Adjectives An adjective is a word that modifies or describes a noun. Examples I saw a big, red dog. Special Adjectives Articles are words that specify a general or specific noun. There are only three: a, an, the Examples The boy saw a movie. Possessives are words that show ownership of a noun. Examples My car is in Dave’s garage.
Prepositions A preposition is a word that shows a relationship between a noun and another word In the sentence. Example: We went to the store. A prepositional phrase is a group of words that includes a preposition plus the object of the preposition (and any words that modify it). prep adj: art n: obj p Example: We went (to the store).
Common Prepositions about above across after against around at before behind below beneath besides between beyond by down during except for from in inside into like near of off on outside over since throughout till to toward under until up upon without according to because of by way of in addition to in front of in place of in regard to in spite of instead of on account of out of
Helping Verbs A helping verb is a word that helps a main verb complete the meaning of a sentence. HV MV Example: The cook has flipped the pancakes. *A main verb can have more than one helping verb. HV MV Example: The cook will be flipping the pancakes. *The main verb always follows its helping verbs. *Here are the helping verbs: can, could shall, should has, have, had may, might am, is, are was, were will, would do, does, did be, been, being
Direct Objects A direct object is a noun phrase (noun plus its modifiers) that: 1) Comes after the verb 2) Tells who or what receives the action of the verb 3) Answers the question “who? ” or “what? ” about the verb Example: adj: art n: do The cook flipped [the pancakes]. “The pancakes” receives the action of the verb. They are what “got flipped. ”
Indirect Objects An indirect object is a noun phrase (noun plus its modifiers) that: 1) Comes between the verb and the direct object 2) Tells who or what received the direct object 3) Answers the question “to whom? ”, “to what? ”, “for whom? ”, or “for what? ” about the direct object Example: n: io n: do John threw Ted the ball. “the ball” receives the action of the verb; it is the direct object. “Ted” received the direct object (“the ball”); it is the indirect object. Notes: 1. The indirect can never be inside a prepositional phrase. 2. A sentence cannot have an indirect object unless it also has a direct object.
Personal Pronouns A pronoun is a part of speech that takes the place of a noun. A personal pronoun is a word that is used to take the place of nouns in one of The three “persons” of our language: First person – refers to the individual(s) speaking: I, me, we, us Second person – refers to the person(s) being spoken to: you Third person – refers to third-parties outside of the dialogue: he, she, it, him, her, they, them There are two kinds of personal pronouns: 1) Subject pronouns – act as subjects 2) Object pronouns – act as objects (i. e. object of preposition, direct object, etc. ) Note: Pronouns can do anything nouns can do. They are basically interchangeable.
Personal Pronouns: Subject Pronouns Person Singular Pronoun Plural Pronoun First I we Second you Third he, she, It they Example: pro We went to the store.
Personal Pronouns: Object Pronouns Person Singular Pronoun Plural Pronoun First me us Second you Third him, her, it them Example: pro Ed gave the package to her.
Interjections are words or phrases used to express emotion. They don’t usually have any meaning other than that. They usually appear at the beginning of sentences. Mild interjections are set off from the rest of the sentence with a comma. If the interjection is more forceful, it is followed with an exclamation mark. Interjections are rarely used in formal or academic writing. Examples: int Int int Wow! I won the lottery! Oh, I don't know about that. Hey! That’s my car. Well, I don’t know. Um, we have a problem. Say, did you get a haircut?
Conjunctions A conjunction is a part of speech that connects words, sentences, phrases or clauses. One of the most common kind of conjunctions are called coordinating conjunctions. There are only seven and they make up the mnemonic FANBOYS: For (rarely used as a conjunction; it’s usually a preposition) And (the most common coordinating conjunction) Nor But Or Yet So Whenever you use a conjunction, it means you are combining two or more sentence parts. This is called a compound. Example: cc Bill and Ted had an adventure. (This sentence now has two simple subjects, also called a compound subject. )
Adverbs An adverb is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. An adverb tells "where, " "when, " "how, " or "to what extent (how much or how long). " WHERE? The forest fire started here. The couple was married nearby. WHEN? Mary will arrive soon. Then we went to school. HOW? The accident occurred suddenly. The President carefully spoke. TO WHAT EXTENT? The tub is draining rather slowly. We need to make extremely careful measurements.
Adverbs WORDS OFTEN USED AS ADVERBS Where? here, there, away, up, outside When? now, then, later, soon, ago How? clearly, easily, quietly, slowly How often or How long? never, frequently, always, usually, often, forever, seldom, rarely To what extent or How much? very, too, almost, so, really, most, nearly, quite, less, only THE POSITION OF ADVERBS Adverbs may appear at various places in a sentence. Adverbs may come before, after, or between the words they modify. Examples: Slowly, the shark circled the boat. The shark slowly circled the boat. The shark circled the boat slowly.
Adverbs ADVERBS MODIFYING VERBS Adverbs may come before or after the verbs they modify. Slowly the man crawled down. I seldom see you nowadays. Adverbs may come between the parts of verb phrases. Keisha has already completed her work. The students will not pass the class. ADVERBS MODIFYING ADJECTIVES The unusually fast starter won the race. The committee is especially busy. ADVERBS MODIFYING OTHER ADVERBS Elena finished the problem more quickly than I did. Our guest left quite abruptly. *Avoid overusing the adverb "very. "
Linking Verbs and Subject Complements A linking verb is a verb that does not express an action. Instead, it “links” the subject with a noun or adjective phrase called the subject complement. The most common linking verbs are the forms of the verb “to be”: am, is, are, was, were, be, been, being. mv: l Example: My mother was glad. A subject complement always comes after the verb, just like a direct object. The subject complement may be a noun (or pronoun) phrase that renames the subject. This is called a predicate noun: adj: art n: pn Example: Fred is <a fireman>. Or it may be an adjective phrase that describes the subject. This is called a predicate adjective: adv adj: pa Example: Fred is <very proud>.
Compound Sentences A compound sentence is made when two complete sentences (called independent clauses) are joined together by a semicolon or a coordinating conjunction. Example: Mary plays baseball, but Sasha plays golf. A sentence that only has one independent clause is called a simple sentence.
Complex Sentences A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses connected to it. A dependent clause is a phrase that has a subject and predicate, but it cannot stand alone (like an independent clause) because it fails to express a complete thought. . This is because it begins with a subordinator. Examples of subordinators *Relative pronouns: that, which, whom, whose *Subordinating conjunctions: after, although, as if, as long as, because, before, how, if, since, so that, than, though, unless, until, whenever, wherever, whether, while *Introductory words: who, whom, what, whoever, whomever, whatever, which, whichever, that.
Complex Sentences (cont. ) Example of a dependent clause: subord. Subject verb because Mary rode the bus A complex sentence joins an independent clause with a dependent clause. The dependent clause can go first in the sentence, followed by the independent clause: Because Mary rode the bus, we arrived late. The independent clause can also go first in the sentence, followed by the dependent clause: We arrived late because Mary rode the bus.
Appositives An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it. The appositive can be a short or long combination of words. Appositives are often set off by commas, but if an appositive is needed for meaning or is closely related to the word it refers to, no commas are necessary. Examples: N: app Marco, a security guard, owns an owl. N: app I saw Ellen’s friend Bianca.
Verbals A verbal is a form of a verb used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. There are 3 kinds: participles, gerunds, and infinitives. 1. Participles A participle is a verb form that can be used as an adjective. There are two kinds of participles. Present participles (which end in –ing) and past participles (which often end in –d or –ed, but not always). A participial phrase consists of a participle and the words related to it. Together, the words are used as an adjective. Participles may have objects or complements. part. obj. of the part. Example: Edward, observing the aliens, ran into the woods.
Examples: pres. part. Present participle: We received encouraging news. past. part. Past participle: The police searched the abandoned warehouse. Present participial phrase: Planning a trip, the class learned about distance. Past participial phrase: Promised a free dinner, my father happily attended the banquet. Note: Do not confuse participles used as adjectives with participles used as actual verbs. mv: act Example: We were planning our trip to Bermuda.
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