Subject Curriculum Development Teaching Strategies Minor Semester IV
Subject: Curriculum Development & Teaching Strategies (Minor) Semester: IV Session: 2018 -2022 Course Code: Edu-Min-212 Presented by Ms. Hafiza Sadiya Iqbal Department of Education (Planning and Development)
Unit 8: Teaching Tools
Teaching Aids/Tools According to Kothari Commission “The supply of teaching aids to every school is essential for the improvement of the quality of teaching. It would indeed bring about an educational revolution in any country. ” Psychology of using of Teaching Aids I hear, I forget, I see, I remember, I do, I understand.
Importance of Teaching Aids Teaching aids help in many ways: – The students gain insight and better understanding of various complicated and difficult topics. – It to develop scientific attitudes in students – A large number of students can be taught at a time by their use. – It help to bring a change in the atmosphere of the class. The traditional monotony goes away. – Through this process the attitude of the teacher is very friendly. For the purpose explaining models, displaying exhibitions or taking the pupils to outdoor places, the teacher has to be a true friend and guide. – It is most convenient, easy and natural way of learning because it based on the principles of Psychology.
Classification of Teaching Aids All the teaching aids can be conveniently grouped under following five categories: 1. Visual Aids 2. Activity Aids 3. Aural Aids 4. Audio-visual Aids 5. Memory Aids
Visual Aids (Non-Electronic) Visual aids, as the word denotes, involves the use of the sense of sight. Therefore, such aids which can be appreciated and understood by seeing only, are called visual aids. The important aids under this heading are the following: 1. Chalk-boards or black-boards 2. Flannel graph 3. Bulletin board 4. Charts, pictures, and Models
Cont Chalk-boards Chalk-board is the commonest of all visual aids. But the tragedy is that it is rarely used as effectively as it should be. The teacher should bear in mind the following few points for effective use of chalkboard: – The teacher should never be without a supply of colored chalk. – A certain degree of neatness, clarity and accuracy, the teacher expects from pupils, records, should at least be available from teachers' chalk-board work. – While writing on the chalk-board, the teacher should occasionally look behind his back to see that there is no indiscipline and the pupils are copying properly.
Cont • Preferably the teacher should stand at an angle with the chalkboard while writing, so that he does not obstruct the view of the class and at the same time can have an eye on the students. • Frequently the teacher should inspect his own chalk-board writings from the view point of the back bench on corner seats. • The script work of the teacher should be good. Every body has his own individual style, but it should be a style free from such faults which we don't want our students to copy. • Pupils may be allowed to express their ideas on the chalk board or to make alterations or corrections.
Cont Flannel Graph Flannel-graph, also called flannel board or felt-board is one of the latest devices effectively used for teaching science. It serves as a very good medium for displaying prepared cuttings. It is very simple to handle and operate. Besides, its cost is very nominal. The teacher may have a good collection of pictures or well cut diagrams and may make use of them by attaching them on the board one by one. The color of the flannel should be white.
Cont Bulletin Board • Bulletin boards should be necessary part of each laboratory with a view to develop proper scientific atmosphere there. Along with, it can serve as a very good teaching aid. • It should be of the size of a black-board or even bigger according to the wall space available, Usually it is made of straw board or rubber sheets or cork sheets. Smooth cork sheets of 1/ 4 inch thickness, available from motor spare parts dealers will be convenient for the purpose. • It gives a suitable place for the display of newspaper cuttings, pictures, cartoons, diagrams, sketches, manuscript articles etc. • The material displayed should be large enough and have suitable headings.
Cont Charts, Pictures and Models Some chart may be purchased but most of them should be prepared by the teacher or got prepared from the students. Labeling should be clear and in block letters. There are certain advantages in preparing charts for teaching. Simple direct' charts are fairly and quickly made and have a better appeal. There are charts which show the interior of something, for instance, human body, internal structure of engine, motor car etc.
• Cont Models are used as a great deal in science teaching. The models available in the market are generally very expensive. With a bit of more work on the part of the teacher nearly all kinds of models can be prepared. • A picture overloaded with details, defeats its purpose. 'One picture on idea" means a successful pictorial illustration. The teacher should outline a plan of the charts, models and pictorial illustrations to be prepared by the students. Work should be assigned to groups of students in such a way as to give opportunity to every pupil to participate in the preparation of the aids. • Proper display of these aids is even more important than their preparation. They should be displayed at such a height that a detailed view is possible for each and every student.
Audio Aids Audio aids as the word signifies, involve the use of the sense of hearing. These aids include the following: (i) Tape-recordings (ii) Science Broadcasts (iii) Gramophone Lectures
Cont Tape Recordings Tape recorder is a modem substitute for a gramophone. The talk or lecture delivered by an authority on a certain scientific topic is 'magnetized' or recorded on a tape and can be reproduced in front of students when needed. It is a costly affair. If a school can afford, it can be of good use for science teaching as well. Particularly for lower classes, the lesson may be introduced with the aid of such recordings. For instance, the songs of different birds, the ways animals talk etc. may be recorded and reproduced in the class.
Cont Gramophone Lectures Science teachers can take benefit of records of short talks on interesting scientific topics. These records are by eminent scientists and doctors and available for use in the classroom.
Audio-Visual Aids (Electronics) • These aids involve the use of the senses of hearing and seeing and will include: (i) Optical Aids (including sound film) (ii)Television
Cont Over-head or Lecture-table Projector This is a magic lantern so designed that the teacher can stay at his seat, near the wall or screen, face the students and operate the projector himself He will not need a second man to insert sliders in the machine nor he will have to run about from the machine to the wall to explain things to the students. It has following advantages over an ordinary magic lantern or glass slide projector: 1. The teacher can face his pupils and at the same time operate the machine. 2. The screen is over the head of the teacher and is, therefore, sufficiently high for the back benchers to see clearly. 3. The teacher can point out significant features of the picture by indication with a pencil at the slide. 4. Changing of slides becomes a simple affair because the slides are laid on the top of the slide track. 5. In this machine slides are placed on the slide track right side up. So the teacher can see the slide exactly as the students do.
Television Cont Television is gaining so much importance in the field of education that it is being termed as the electronic black-board of the future. To meet the rack of qualified teachers and well-equipped laboratories; television can help to a great extent. One teacher or specialist speaks or demonstrates at one station and student all over the country watch the demonstration and listen to the talk, such a programme called instructional Television. There is a specific period meant for this. Just like the conduct of a film show, it involves three steps: (a) Preparation (b) TV lesson (c) Follow-up If there is a period of 40 minutes duration, 5 minutes should be devoted for testing the previous knowledge to prepare the minds of the students for the lesson, 20 minutes for the actual TV lesson and the remaining 15 minutes, for the follow-up.
Activity Aids Such kind of aids, which grow and develop out of the activities of the students and teachers, are known as activity aids. These include the following: 1. Science Museum 2. Aquarium 3. Nature Study Garden 4. Using Community Resources. 5. Science Fairs
Cont Science Museum Observing objects and phenomena in their natural setting is the ideal way', gain knowledge. The present system of mass education gives no opportunity for it. It is, therefore, important that the outside world be brought into the class-room and laboratory through displays and other concrete representation of things.
- Slides: 20