STYLISTIC MORPHOLOGY SUBJECT MATTER GRAMMATICAL CHANGES OF ISOLATED

STYLISTIC MORPHOLOGY

SUBJECT MATTER GRAMMATICAL CHANGES OF ISOLATED WORDS LANGUAGE MEANS OF EXPRESSING GRAMMAR CATEGORIES (synthetical and analytical)

STYLISTIC MORPHOLOGY – DEVIATION FROM THE GRAMMAR NORMS SYNONYMY: ONE MEANING – TWO FORMS VARIABILITY: ONE FORM – TWO MEANINGS

SYNONYMY n FEW INFLEXIONS n COMPLETELY LOST n SCARCE SO NOTICEABLE POSSESS HIGH STYLISTIC PROMINENCE

SYNONYMY BROTHER-S 2) HAS DO 3) YOU 4) GOT LEARN-ED 1) - BRETH-R-EN HATH, HAST DOEST THOU (hast, doest) GOTTEN (P. II) LEARN-T

SYNONYMY 5) At the corner - On the corner Out of the place - Out the place In the street – On the street 6) WHOM - WHO (objective case) 7) If I were… – If I was … 8) He be, she have – he should be, would have

SYNONYMY 9) We, you, they – was He - don’t I – says You – comes 10) He came – comed he saw - seed

MORPHOLOGICAL SYNOMYNY n n n HIGH-FLOWN ARCHAIC LOCALISATION COLLOQUIAL ILLITERATE

VARIABILITY: TENSE PRESENT SIMPLE to express PAST and FUTURE It happened last week. I hear a sound and open the door… She is coming soon. The train arrives…

VARIABILITY: DETERMINATION ZERO ARTICLE Police Seeks Assailant Horse – age known by marks in mouth. Girl never said word to him.

VARIABILITY: GENDER n Personification vs Depersonification A baby up to one year – IT n Animals –IT n Vessels – SHE n Other Vehicles – SHE

VARIABILITY: GENDER 5) Earth, moon – SHE; Sun – HE 6) Countries - SHE 7) Abstract notions of strength, fierceness (death, war) – HE 8) Abstract notions of beauty, gentleness (spring, peace) – SHE 9) Where did you find IT? - Who do you call IT?

VARIABILITY: PERSON 1) ONE – THEY - YOU – WE One never knows what can happen next. 2) WE – substitute You (Insinuating) Now, are we getting better today? 3) WE – substitute I (plural of majesty) By the grace of Our Lord, We, Charles the Second…

VARIABILITY: PERSON 4) WE – substitute I (plural of modesty) We suggest the definition… 5) WE – substitute I (plural of humility) Oh, we are proud…

VARIABILITY: NUMBER 1) PLURAL instead of SINGULAR Now, what is that? Reading books instead of working? How do you dare to talk like that to ladies? 2) SINGULAR instead of PLURAL This is what the student is supposed to know.

ELEGANT VARIATION Avoidance to use the same grammar form Shakespeare’s Of Shakespeare Shakespearian Shakespeare plays

PARTS OF SPEECH in Stylistic Morphology COLLOQUIAL SPEECH – rich in: pronouns with general meaning (thing, place, affair, fact) Emphatic particles (just, even, simply) Interjections (oh, eh, ) Simple tenses

FORMAL STYLES n NOUNS n ATTRIBUTES n VERBAL CONSTRUCTIONS n COMPLEX SYNTAX

PARTS OF SPEECH n n n Verbs of action – DYNAMIC Verbs of State – STATIC Adjectives – SLOW, DESCRIPTIVE Evaluating Adj – LYRICAL, EMOTIONAL Continuous – SLOW, DREAMLIKE

Stylistic Morphology SUMMARY STYLE High-flown, poetic, official, colloquial, scientific THE SPEAKER Origin, social status, education, attitude