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CH. 23: THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON, 1789 -1815 SEC. 1: THE FRENCH REVOLUTION BEGINS

• 1700’s – France was considered the most advanced country in Europe. • It had a large population and wealth. • It was also the center of the Enlightenment. → PARIS • But……. • UNREST was growing in the lower classes

THE ISSUES… • OLD REGIME → • PEOPLE OF FRANCE DIVIDED INTO THREE ESTATES • SOCIAL INEQUALITY • 1. ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS→ • EQUALITY, LIBERTY, DEMOCRACY, “POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY” • ECONOMIC PROBLEMS → • HIGH TAXES, DEBT FROM WARS!! • POLITICAL PROBLEMS → • WEAK LEADER: LOUIS XVI AND MARIE ANTOINETTE

• Estates – or social classes. France was divided into three large estates. • 1 st Estate → The church or clergy • owned 10% of the land paid about 2% of the taxes • 2 nd Estate →Rich nobles • Made up 2% of the population • Owned 20% of the land, and paid almost no taxes CLASS

• The clergy and the rich nobles disliked Enlightenment ideas because it threatened their status as privileged

THE THREE ESTATES • 3 rd Estate • Made up about 97% of the population • Divided into three subgroups

SUBGROUP # 1 BOURGEOISIE • MIDDLE CLASS HTTPS: //WWW. GOOGLE. COM/SEARCH? Q=BOURGEOISIE&OQ=BOURGEOISIE&AQS=CHROME. 0. 0 L 6. 367 J 0 J 9&SOURCEID=CHROME&IE=UTF-8 • bankers, factory owners, merchants, professionals, and skilled artisans. • Many were well educated and wealthy, but they paid high taxes and lacked privileges!!

SUBGROUP #2 WORKERS • Urban people • Poorest group. • Tradespeople, apprentices, laborers, and domestic servants. • Paid low wages • Often unemployed

SUBGROUP #3 PEASANTS • Made up 80% of the population. • They paid heavy taxes to nobles, the church, and the government. • They were bitter and eager for change • Inspired by the success of the American Revolution, the peasants began questioning the long-standing notions of social

ECONOMY • Although France’s international trade was still strong, high taxes made it difficult to do business within France. • The cost of living rose and a series of bad crops led to food shortages and people began to starve

PRICE OF BREAD ROSE DRASTICALLY!!!!!

LOUIS XVI (THE 16 TH!!!) • King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette • Governed France and seemed oblivious to the problems. • They spent heavily and doubled France’s debt to the point that France could no longer get loans from other countries. • SOUNDS LIKE OTHER MONARCHS!!!!!!

FRENCH MONARCHY

LOUIS XVI THE 16 TH • Weak leader with little interest in government. • He was very indecisive and allowed problems to drift. • Marie Antoinette: • From Austria • Member of royal family • VERY disliked in France. • Her behavior and spending only made it worse. • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Ai. Pcnt. Couo. M

LOUIS XIV DIDN’T SEEM TO CARE!! • INSTEAD OF DEALING WITH THE PROBLEM → • HE DECIDED TO JUST TAX THE NOBLES!! • HOWEVER, THE NOBLES (THE 2 ND ESTATE) FORCED HIM TO CALL THE → • THE ESTATES GENERAL

ESTATES GENERAL • Included delegates from all 3 estates. • It was the first such meeting in 175 years. • The 3 rd estate felt slighted as they did not have the same voting rights as the other estates so they formed their own assembly

NATIONAL ASSEMBLY • A new government established by the 3 rd estate. → able to pass laws and reforms in the name of the French People. • At first they had no real power • Proclaiming the end of the absolute monarchy and the rule of King Louis XVI. • IT WAS THE FIRST ACT OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION!!!!

TENNIS COURT OATH • The 3 rd estate found themselves literally locked out of the meeting room!! • OUTRAGED!! They broke down the door of an indoor tennis court and vowed to stay there until they had written a new constitution. • Eventually members of the clergy and nobles who favored reform joined the 3 rd estate in

WHAT HAPPENED NEXT: • LOUIS REALIZED HE NEEDED TO DO SOMETHING BEFORE HE LOST ALL OF FRANCE, SO HE ORDERED THE CLERGY AND THE NOBLES TO JOIN THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY. • HE ALSO BROUGHT IN SWISS GUARDS TO PROTECT HIM IN PARIS. • PEOPLE HEARD ABOUT THE SWISS GUARDS AND THEY IMMEDIATELY BEGAN TO GATHER WEAPONS IN ORDER TO PROTECT THEMSELVES FROM A POSSIBLE MASSACRE. • ON JULY 14 TH AN ANGRY GROUP WENT TO THE BASTILLE, A PRISON, LOOKING FOR GUNPOWDER. • THE ANGRY CROWD OVERTHREW THE KINGS GUARDS AND THE PEOPLE TOOK CONTROL OF THE BASTILLE. • JULY 14 TH IS KNOWN AS A FRENCH NATIONAL HOLIDAY.

STORMING OF THE BASTILLE • Bastille → a prison which was also used to store weapons • July 14, 1789 • The peasants stormed the Bastille in order to free prisoners and gain control of weapons. • It was a symbolic act of the Revolution.

JULY 14 TH IS KNOWN AS A FRENCH NATIONAL HOLIDAY.

THE EFFECTS: • Wild Rumors spread like wildfire!! • Nobles accused of hiring hitmen to come and kill the peasants. • Peasants were TERRIFIED → • THE GREAT FEAR

THE GREAT FEAR • THIS PERIOD OCCURRED WHEN REBELLION SPREAD TO THE COUNTRYSIDE. • PEASANTS BEGAN TO ATTACK THEIR FEUDAL LORDS AND DEMAND THEIR FREEDOM.

• A GROUP OF 6, 000 WOMEN PROTESTED THE RISING COST OF BREAD. • THEY LASHED OUT THE KING AND THE QUEEN AND THEY DEMANDED THEY IMMEDIATELY LEAVE VERSAILLES AND RETURN TO FRANCE. • THIS WAS THE LAST TIME THE KING WAS EVER AT VERSAILLES.

• 1. ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS • BELIEF ALL MEN SHOULD HAVE LIBERAL FREEDOMS • RIGHT AND JUST TO REMOVE UNJUST GOV’T • EQUALITY FOR ALL • 2. POLITICAL IDEAS • LOUIS XIV = WEAK LEADER • PREFERRED PERSONAL INTERESTS THE CAUSES…… SIMPLIFIED • 3. ECONOMIC CRISIS • FRENCH ECONOMY BANKRUPT • WARS, NOBLES NOT TAXED • CROP FAILURES • BOURGEOISIE BEGIN QUESTIONING KING

HOMEWORK: 1. PG. 652 - THE THREE ESTATES Skillbuilder: Interpreting Charts and Political Cartoons - #1 + #2 2. PG 655 - #3 -8 3. DUE NEXT CLASS

SEC. 2: REVOLUTION BRINGS REFORM AND TERROR HTTPS: //YOUTU. BE/LTTVKWCYLFY

CHANGE • August 4, 1789 – An all night meeting between nobles and peasants made sweeping changes. The estates were eliminated and all were considered equal. • For the nobles and the clergy, this was done more out of fear than idealism

RIGHTS • The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen – similar to the Declaration of Independence • It proclaimed that “men are born free and remain free in equal rights” • It also guaranteed the rights of “liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression”

CHANGE • These rights did not apply to women • The church would no longer be independent of the state. Its lands would be sold to pay off French debt and its leaders would be elected and paid by the state. • This upset many peasants who were devout Catholics

ASSEMBLY • Legislative Assembly – was set up to create new laws but the king still had the power to enforce laws • France had become divided into 3 political groups – left (radicals), right (conservatives), and center (moderates)

HISTORY • France still had problems with food shortages and debt. It also has issues with citizens of very different opinions. Some wanted more change while others wanted to go back to the old regime.

HISTORY • 1792 – Due to their support of the king, Austria and Prussia were at war with France • Jacobins – a ruthless radical group that took control of France. They fought for the rights of the poor and wanted to eliminate the monarchy • Many of the royalty and loyalists were executed

GUILLOTINE A MACHINE USED TO BEHEAD THE CONDEMNED. IT WAS A COMMON FORM OF EXECUTION.

ROBESPIERRE • Maximilien Robespierre (1793) – assumes control of France and launches the Reign of Terror. • He has thousands of “enemies” executed, many on flimsy evidence. Some had even been his supporters.

ROBESPIERRE • He also created a new calendar that had no Sundays because he believed that religion was old-fashioned and dangerous. • 1794 – Robespierre’s allies turned on him and had him executed ending the Reign of Terror. • 1795 – a third government was created • While not perfect, this government brought about a period of calm. It also brought in a general to lead France’s army – Napoleon Bonaparte

SEC. 3: NAPOLEON FORGES AN EMPIRE

SETTING THE STAGE • Napoleon Bonaparte • MILITARY GENIUS compared to Alexander the Great and Hannibal of Carthage • Seizes power in France and crowns himself emperor • Went from just an officer in the Army to being…. • MASTER OF FRANCE

NAPOLEON • Napoleon Bonaparte – was born in Corsica in 1769. • He rose quickly in the military. He was 5’ 3” tall • With several impressive military victories Napoleon became a hero in France and he did it in a very short period of time.

CHEVY CORSICA

NAPOLEON • 1799 – With the French government in disorder (again), many urged Napoleon to seize political power • Napoleon quickly took control and assumed the powers of a dictator • Coup d’ etat – or coup – a quick military takeover of the government

• Napoleon did not return to the old days of the king but rather kept many of the changes of the Revolution • He set up an efficient method of tax collecting, and a national back to get the French economy back on track • He ended corruption and inefficiency in the government!!

NAPOLEON • He set up lycees • Government-run public schools • All males of all backgrounds could receive an education • He signed a concordat – (an agreement) with the church. • The government recognized church influence but did not give it government power

• Napoleonic Code – a set of laws set up by Napoleon designed to eliminate many injustices. • It actually limited the freedoms of speech and press • Restored slavery to French colonies in the Caribbean.

HISTORY 1804 – Napoleon names himself emperor of France. He had the support of the people. He was 35 years old at the time. 1803 – Napoleon decides to rid France of her colonies in America.

FRANCE’S GREATEST ENEMY? ? ?

• Napoleon sold the Louisiana Territory to the US for $15 million. • This provided him with money and secured the future of the US. (SORRY ENGLAND!!) • Napoleon now set his sights on power in Europe. • His aggressive actions caused Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Sweden to declare war on France

• “The sale assures forever the power of the United States…and I have given England a rival who, sooner or later, will humble her pride. ”

• 1805 – Napoleon had dominating victories • Austria and Russia signed peace treaties with France • This left only Great Britain and her great naval power • Battle of Trafalgar – a great naval battle in which Great Britain defeated France. • It ensured British naval supremacy and forced napoleon to give up his bid to invade Great Britain

THE END OF NAPOLEON? ? • 1807 – 1812 • Napoleon’s empire was at its peak, but. . the end was near. . . • It happened very quickly.

SECTION FOUR: NAPOLEON’S EMPIRE COLLAPSES

• Napoleon made 3 serious mistakes that led to his downfall: • 1806 – Napoleon set up a blockade – (a forced closing of ports) – to prevent trade between Great Britain and other European nations. • NAPOLEON CALLED THIS BLOCKADE THE • Continental System – The blockade was supposed to make continental Europe more self-sufficient. • It was also supposed to destroy British commerce and industry

BLOCKADE • The blockade was not very tight • Smuggling goods was fairly easy. • It was violated by most European nations including some that were run by Napoleon’s relatives. • Great Britain responded with its own blockade and because it had a superior navy, it worked!!

2. WAR • The Peninsular War • 1808 – Napoleon sends an invasion force to Portugal to get them to accept the Continental System • In order to get to Portugal, the French military had to go through Spain. This upset the Spanish. • France could easily defeat the Spanish in open war so the Spanish peasants fought a guerrilla style war

Guerrilla warfare is a form of irregular warfare in which a small group of combatants use military tactics including Ambushes • Sabotage • Raids • hit-and-run tactics • mobility to fight a larger and less-mobile traditional military.

WAR • Guerrilla – working in small groups with quick strikes and a retreat into hiding • Napoleon lost about 300, 000 men in the war, which dragged on for 6 years

WAR • Peninsular War – so called because it was fought on the Iberian Peninsula • French actions and brutality caused once friendly nations like Italy and Germany to turn on France

3. THE INVASION OF RUSSIA • France and Russia had once been allies but as the Russians refused to stop selling grain to Great Britain, this upset Napoleon. • Also, both countries had their eye on Poland…. so distrust began.

THE INVASION OF RUSSIA

THE INVASION OF RUSSIA • June, 1812 – Napoleon and more than 400, 000 soldiers invade Russia • At first, Napoleon advanced quickly and Russian troops pulled back

THE INVASION OF RUSSIA • Scorched Earth Policy • As the Russians retreated, they burned every grain field and slaughtered all livestock leaving nothing for the French army. • Eventually Napoleon did take Moscow, but it had been destroyed by the Russians

DEFEAT • On the way back to France, the Russian winter set in. • Many soldiers died of exhaustion, starvation or exposure • Russian raiders attacked and killed many French soldiers

DEFEAT • Only 10, 000 soldiers made it back to France • All of the European powers took advantage of Napoleon’s weakened army and attacked. • Although he quickly raised another army, they were inexperienced

• 1814 – Napoleon surrenders. • He is given a small pension • Exiled to the small island of Elba. • This was supposed to be the end of Napoleon…. but not quite!

• Napoleon’s brother assumed the throne of France but… • he was very unpopular and France was in disorder!! • This was all the encouragement Napoleon needed… THE BRO…

• March 1, 1815 – Napoleon lands in France to tremendous support. • Thousands volunteered to join his army and within days he again becomes emperor of France. • WHAT THE HECK? ? • The European allies got their armies together and planned for war HE’S BAAACK!

THE END? ? • June 18, 1815 – Napoleon attacks but is defeated • Waterloo – A village in Belgium where the final battle took place. • Hundred Days – The term for Napoleon’s last bid for power. It ended at Waterloo • Napoleon was again exiled, this time to St. Helena in the South Atlantic. • He lived there for only six years…

DEAD NAPOLEON

YEPPP…THE END • He died in 1821 of a stomach ailment (probably cancer). • He was 51 • Napoleon was a military genius and a brilliant administrator, but he was also too ambitious and cost millions of lives.

SEC. 5: THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA

Key Players at Vienna Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh (Br. ) Tsar Alexander I (Rus. ) The “Host” Prince Klemens von Metternich (Aus. ) King Frederick William III (Prus. ) Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr. )

CONGRESS OF VIENNA • (1814 -1815) – A meeting of European leaders after the defeat of Napoleon. • The goal was to establish a new European order. • They wanted collective security and stability for the whole continent. • The meetings were scheduled to last 4 weeks. Instead they lasted 8 months.

Actions Taken • Formed Kingdom of the Netherlands • Created German Confederation • Recognized independence of Switzerland • Added Genoa to Kingdom of Sardinia • Required France to return territories conquered by Napoleon but left France a major power • Affirmed principle of legitimacy

Main Objectives It’s job was to undo everything that Napoléon had done: Reduce France to its old boundaries her frontiers were pushed back to 1790 level. Restore as many of the old monarchies as possible that had lost their thrones during the Napoléonic era. Supported the resolution: There is always an alternative to conflict.

CONGRESS • The Congress had the following goals: • 1. Control France by building stronger nations around it. • This led to the establishment of the Netherlands, The German Federation, Switzerland, and a stronger Italy.

• 2. Balance of power Weaken France, but not so much that she can’t defend herself. • Therefore, France was not severely punished for her actions. • 3. Legitimacy Attempt to put as many “pre. Napoleon” rulers back on the throne of the countries Napoleon defeated. • The Congress was in favor of monarchs, not democracies

CONGRESS • The Congress was successful in unifying Europe. **There were no wars between European nations for 40 years. ** • There were still differing opinions about government in Europe. • The conservative monarchies wanted to “erase” the French Revolution. • They did not want a democracy. • Many lower classes still favored equality and used the French revolution as their inspiration

THE FUTURE… • The French Revolution brought the first democratic experiment to Europe and it failed, but… • it encouraged many to keep trying. • The French Revolution reached beyond Europe.

NATIONALISM Pride and love of country

NATIONALISM • This increased in post French Revolution Europe. • It also led to many alliances between European nations • (which will become troublesome in the future. ) • The French Revolution began the push for democracy throughout Europe and the rest of the world.

Klemens von Metternich’s efforts to establish peace and stability • Metternich sought to maintain peace between European nations by creating a balance of power among rival countries so no country would be a threat to the others. • To guard against revolutions, he set up a series of alliances called the Concert of Europe • which required nations to help one another if a revolution erupted.

THE END • http: //www. history. com/topics/napoleon/videos/napoleon • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=5 p. Xxoyk 5 w. Oo&nohtml 5=False • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=VEZqar. Un. Vpo&nohtml 5=False