STUDY OF IMMUNITY NONSPECIFIC RESISTANCE 1 Immunity Types
![STUDY OF IMMUNITY. NON-SPECIFIC RESISTANCE 1. Immunity. Types of immunity 2. Innate immunity. Mechanism STUDY OF IMMUNITY. NON-SPECIFIC RESISTANCE 1. Immunity. Types of immunity 2. Innate immunity. Mechanism](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-1.jpg)
![IMMUNITY • The resistance offered by the host to the harmful effect of pathogenic IMMUNITY • The resistance offered by the host to the harmful effect of pathogenic](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-2.jpg)
![IMMUNITY ACQUIRED ADAPTIVE INNATE Active Passive Artificial Natural Specific Non specific IMMUNITY ACQUIRED ADAPTIVE INNATE Active Passive Artificial Natural Specific Non specific](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-3.jpg)
![INNATE IMMUNITY • This is basic immunity, which may be genetically passed on from INNATE IMMUNITY • This is basic immunity, which may be genetically passed on from](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-4.jpg)
![The differences between Non-specific Immunity and Specific Immunity Non-specific Specific Immunity Response is antigen-independent The differences between Non-specific Immunity and Specific Immunity Non-specific Specific Immunity Response is antigen-independent](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-5.jpg)
![INNATE IMMUNITY • Species immunity: Individuals of same species show uniform pattern of susceptibility INNATE IMMUNITY • Species immunity: Individuals of same species show uniform pattern of susceptibility](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-6.jpg)
![DEFENSE MECHANISMS OF BODY • Epithelial surfaces: the intact skin and mucous membrane covering DEFENSE MECHANISMS OF BODY • Epithelial surfaces: the intact skin and mucous membrane covering](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-7.jpg)
![Tissue factor may be divided into: • Humoral factors - the body fluids and Tissue factor may be divided into: • Humoral factors - the body fluids and](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-8.jpg)
![Humoral factors Substance Common Sources Chemical Composition Activity Lysozyme Serum, saliva, sweat, tears Protein Humoral factors Substance Common Sources Chemical Composition Activity Lysozyme Serum, saliva, sweat, tears Protein](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-9.jpg)
![MICROBIAL ANTAGONISM • This refers to the protection of the surfaces afforded by an MICROBIAL ANTAGONISM • This refers to the protection of the surfaces afforded by an](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-10.jpg)
![Phagocyte attacks bacteria • Phagocytosis: Natural defense against invasion of blood and tissue by Phagocyte attacks bacteria • Phagocytosis: Natural defense against invasion of blood and tissue by](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-11.jpg)
![PHAGOCYTOSIS CELLS MAY BE: • • Microphages, e. g. polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Macrophages: histocytes, fixed PHAGOCYTOSIS CELLS MAY BE: • • Microphages, e. g. polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Macrophages: histocytes, fixed](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-12.jpg)
![The process of phagocytosis consist of: • • The first phase involves the approach The process of phagocytosis consist of: • • The first phase involves the approach](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-13.jpg)
![Phagocytosis by a Macrophage Phagocytosis by a Macrophage](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-14.jpg)
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-15.jpg)
![The neutrophils can form Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs). Once triggered, the cells undergo a The neutrophils can form Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs). Once triggered, the cells undergo a](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-16.jpg)
![Neutrophil granulocytes have trapped Shigella bacteria in NETs (Neutrophil Extracellular Traps) Neutrophil granulocytes have trapped Shigella bacteria in NETs (Neutrophil Extracellular Traps)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-17.jpg)
![Cilia: The ciliary escalator propels trapped particles out of the respiratory tract Cilia in Cilia: The ciliary escalator propels trapped particles out of the respiratory tract Cilia in](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-18.jpg)
![NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNITY • Inflammation: Tissue injury or irritation initiated by entry of bacteria or NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNITY • Inflammation: Tissue injury or irritation initiated by entry of bacteria or](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-19.jpg)
![COMPLEMENT SYSTEM • Complement can be considered as part of the constitutive host defense COMPLEMENT SYSTEM • Complement can be considered as part of the constitutive host defense](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-20.jpg)
![Important physiological effects of complement system • • The destruction of erythrocytes as well Important physiological effects of complement system • • The destruction of erythrocytes as well](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-21.jpg)
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![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-23.jpg)
![Two ways of Complement’s activation Classical pathway Alternative pathway Damage of membrane Kinin activation Two ways of Complement’s activation Classical pathway Alternative pathway Damage of membrane Kinin activation](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-24.jpg)
![Complement Fixation • Methodology – Ag mixed with test serum to be assayed for Complement Fixation • Methodology – Ag mixed with test serum to be assayed for](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-25.jpg)
- Slides: 25
![STUDY OF IMMUNITY NONSPECIFIC RESISTANCE 1 Immunity Types of immunity 2 Innate immunity Mechanism STUDY OF IMMUNITY. NON-SPECIFIC RESISTANCE 1. Immunity. Types of immunity 2. Innate immunity. Mechanism](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-1.jpg)
STUDY OF IMMUNITY. NON-SPECIFIC RESISTANCE 1. Immunity. Types of immunity 2. Innate immunity. Mechanism of innate immunity
![IMMUNITY The resistance offered by the host to the harmful effect of pathogenic IMMUNITY • The resistance offered by the host to the harmful effect of pathogenic](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-2.jpg)
IMMUNITY • The resistance offered by the host to the harmful effect of pathogenic microbial infection is called immunity. Immunity against infectious diseases is of different types.
![IMMUNITY ACQUIRED ADAPTIVE INNATE Active Passive Artificial Natural Specific Non specific IMMUNITY ACQUIRED ADAPTIVE INNATE Active Passive Artificial Natural Specific Non specific](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-3.jpg)
IMMUNITY ACQUIRED ADAPTIVE INNATE Active Passive Artificial Natural Specific Non specific
![INNATE IMMUNITY This is basic immunity which may be genetically passed on from INNATE IMMUNITY • This is basic immunity, which may be genetically passed on from](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-4.jpg)
INNATE IMMUNITY • This is basic immunity, which may be genetically passed on from one generation to other generation • It does not depend on prior contacts with microorganisms • It may be non-specific when it indicates a degree of resistance to all infection • It is specific when it shows resistance to particular pathogens
![The differences between Nonspecific Immunity and Specific Immunity Nonspecific Specific Immunity Response is antigenindependent The differences between Non-specific Immunity and Specific Immunity Non-specific Specific Immunity Response is antigen-independent](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-5.jpg)
The differences between Non-specific Immunity and Specific Immunity Non-specific Specific Immunity Response is antigen-independent There is immediate There is a lag time maximal response between exposure and maximal response Not antigenspecific Exposure results in no immunologic Antigen-specific Exposure results in immunologic
![INNATE IMMUNITY Species immunity Individuals of same species show uniform pattern of susceptibility INNATE IMMUNITY • Species immunity: Individuals of same species show uniform pattern of susceptibility](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-6.jpg)
INNATE IMMUNITY • Species immunity: Individuals of same species show uniform pattern of susceptibility to different bacterial infection. • Racial immunity: Within a species different races show differences in susceptibility to infection. • Individual immunity: Individual in population shows variation in their response to microbial infections. Factors influencing level of innate immunity in an individual are: age; hormonal influence; nutrition.
![DEFENSE MECHANISMS OF BODY Epithelial surfaces the intact skin and mucous membrane covering DEFENSE MECHANISMS OF BODY • Epithelial surfaces: the intact skin and mucous membrane covering](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-7.jpg)
DEFENSE MECHANISMS OF BODY • Epithelial surfaces: the intact skin and mucous membrane covering the body confers on it considerable protection against bacteria. They provide mechanical barrier. They also provide bactericidal secretions. • Tissue defenses: If barrier of body is overcome by the organisms, a number of factors in normal tissue and body fluid, play their role.
![Tissue factor may be divided into Humoral factors the body fluids and Tissue factor may be divided into: • Humoral factors - the body fluids and](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-8.jpg)
Tissue factor may be divided into: • Humoral factors - the body fluids and organized tissues of human organism naturally contain a variety of antimicrobial agent that kill or inhibit the growth of microbes. The sources and activities of a variety of host antimicrobial substances are summarized in the next slide • Cellular factors
![Humoral factors Substance Common Sources Chemical Composition Activity Lysozyme Serum saliva sweat tears Protein Humoral factors Substance Common Sources Chemical Composition Activity Lysozyme Serum, saliva, sweat, tears Protein](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-9.jpg)
Humoral factors Substance Common Sources Chemical Composition Activity Lysozyme Serum, saliva, sweat, tears Protein Bacterial cell lysis Complement Serum Proteincarbohydrate lipoprotein complex Cell death or lysis of bacteria; participates in inflammation Basic proteins and polypeptides (histones, lysins and other cationic proteins, tissue polypeptides) Serum or organized tissues Proteins or basic peptides Disruption of bacterial plasma membrane Lactoferrin and transferrin Body secretions, serum, organized tissue spaces Glycoprotein Inhibit microbial growth by binding iron Peroxidase Saliva, tissues, cells (neutrophils) Protein Act with peroxide to cause lethal oxidations of cells Fibronectin Serum and mucosal surfaces Glycoprotein Clearance of bacteria (opsonization) Interferons Virus-infected cells, lymphocytes Protein Resistance to virus infections Interleukins Macrophages, lymphocytes Protein Cause fever; promote activation of immune system
![MICROBIAL ANTAGONISM This refers to the protection of the surfaces afforded by an MICROBIAL ANTAGONISM • This refers to the protection of the surfaces afforded by an](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-10.jpg)
MICROBIAL ANTAGONISM • This refers to the protection of the surfaces afforded by an intact normal flora in a healthy organism E. coli bacteria (yellow) in the gut are part of the normal intestinal flora of humans
![Phagocyte attacks bacteria Phagocytosis Natural defense against invasion of blood and tissue by Phagocyte attacks bacteria • Phagocytosis: Natural defense against invasion of blood and tissue by](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-11.jpg)
Phagocyte attacks bacteria • Phagocytosis: Natural defense against invasion of blood and tissue by bacteria or others foreign particles are mediated by phagocytic cell which ingest and destroy them
![PHAGOCYTOSIS CELLS MAY BE Microphages e g polymorphonuclear leucocytes Macrophages histocytes fixed PHAGOCYTOSIS CELLS MAY BE: • • Microphages, e. g. polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Macrophages: histocytes, fixed](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-12.jpg)
PHAGOCYTOSIS CELLS MAY BE: • • Microphages, e. g. polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Macrophages: histocytes, fixed reticuloendothelial cells; monocytes. Phagocytosis, a phagocyte (blue) engulfing a yeast cell (yellow)
![The process of phagocytosis consist of The first phase involves the approach The process of phagocytosis consist of: • • The first phase involves the approach](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-13.jpg)
The process of phagocytosis consist of: • • The first phase involves the approach of the phagocyte to the microbe by means of positive hemotaxis In the second phase absorption of the microorganism on the surface of the phagocyte take place The third phase is characterized by submergence of the microbe into the phagocyte In the fourth phase intracellular digestion of the engulfed microbes by the phagocytosis take place
![Phagocytosis by a Macrophage Phagocytosis by a Macrophage](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-14.jpg)
Phagocytosis by a Macrophage
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-15.jpg)
![The neutrophils can form Neutrophil Extracellular Traps NETs Once triggered the cells undergo a The neutrophils can form Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs). Once triggered, the cells undergo a](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-16.jpg)
The neutrophils can form Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs). Once triggered, the cells undergo a novel program leading to their death. While they perish, the cells release the content of their nuclei. The nucleic acid, mingled with bactericidal enzymes, forms a lethal network outside the cell. Invading bacteria and pathogenic fungi get caught and killed in the NETs
![Neutrophil granulocytes have trapped Shigella bacteria in NETs Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Neutrophil granulocytes have trapped Shigella bacteria in NETs (Neutrophil Extracellular Traps)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-17.jpg)
Neutrophil granulocytes have trapped Shigella bacteria in NETs (Neutrophil Extracellular Traps)
![Cilia The ciliary escalator propels trapped particles out of the respiratory tract Cilia in Cilia: The ciliary escalator propels trapped particles out of the respiratory tract Cilia in](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-18.jpg)
Cilia: The ciliary escalator propels trapped particles out of the respiratory tract Cilia in the trachea rhythmically beating
![NONSPECIFIC IMMUNITY Inflammation Tissue injury or irritation initiated by entry of bacteria or NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNITY • Inflammation: Tissue injury or irritation initiated by entry of bacteria or](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-19.jpg)
NON-SPECIFIC IMMUNITY • Inflammation: Tissue injury or irritation initiated by entry of bacteria or of other irritant leads to inflammation • Fever: It is natural defense mechanism. It may actually destroy the infecting organism. Fever stimulates the production of interferon and helps in recovery from virus infections
![COMPLEMENT SYSTEM Complement can be considered as part of the constitutive host defense COMPLEMENT SYSTEM • Complement can be considered as part of the constitutive host defense](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-20.jpg)
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM • Complement can be considered as part of the constitutive host defense mechanisms because of its role in inflammation and phagocytosis. • Complement is well known for its ability to react with wide variety of antigen antibody combination to produce important physiological results. • At present complement is known to have 9 distinct components (C 1 -C 9), making a total of 20 proteins.
![Important physiological effects of complement system The destruction of erythrocytes as well Important physiological effects of complement system • • The destruction of erythrocytes as well](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-21.jpg)
Important physiological effects of complement system • • The destruction of erythrocytes as well as other tissue cells. The initiation of inflammatory changes. The lysis of bacteria cells. Enhancement of phagocytosis involving some opsonized particles.
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-22.jpg)
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-23.jpg)
![Two ways of Complements activation Classical pathway Alternative pathway Damage of membrane Kinin activation Two ways of Complement’s activation Classical pathway Alternative pathway Damage of membrane Kinin activation](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-24.jpg)
Two ways of Complement’s activation Classical pathway Alternative pathway Damage of membrane Kinin activation С 1 Increasing of permeability of vessels Cell membrane С 4 Virus neutralization С 2 С 3 Phagocytosis Virus neutralization Immune adherence С 5 -С 9 Producing of MAC
![Complement Fixation Methodology Ag mixed with test serum to be assayed for Complement Fixation • Methodology – Ag mixed with test serum to be assayed for](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/eb57e0d894c513c6f46c2af27a009f00/image-25.jpg)
Complement Fixation • Methodology – Ag mixed with test serum to be assayed for Ab – Standard amount of complement is added – Erythrocytes coated with Abs is added – Amount of erythrocyte lysis is determined No Ag Ag Patient’s serum
Specific vs nonspecific immunity
Difference between acquired immunity and innate immunity
What are the first line of defense
Specific vs nonspecific defense
Nonspecific t wave abnormality
Nonspecific t wave abnormality
Nonspecific host defense mechanism
Nonspecific vs specific defense
Specific cake resistance definition
Air resistance
Immunity definition
Difference between innate and learned behavior
Effector mechanism of humoral immunity
Canra passed
The difference between humoral and cell mediated immunity
Adaptive noise immunity
Chapter 13 lymphatic system and immunity
Keva immunity booster benefits
Assis. prof.
Innate immunity examples
Emc standard
Aids
Acquired immunity definition
Odibate
Active vs passive immunity
Non specific immunity