Study Material For B A II Geography Hons
Study Material For B. A. II: Geography ( Hons. ) Paper: III Geography of India Unit-4 Crop : Rice Prepared by: Dr. Vinita Prasad Asst. Professor Department of Geography A. N. College (PPU), Patna
Major Crops of India The large latitudinal extent and wide climatic fluctuations permit India to grow a variety of crops. It grows both tropical and temperate crops. India has been divided into 15 agroclimatic regions, and each region specialize in production of different crops. The choice of crops largely depends on climatic conditions but socio-economic factors also influence the type of crops grown. The food habits, market demand economic considerations too effect the choice of crop.
A great Varity of crops are grown in India. The table below gives detail of crops grown. Sl. No. TYPES OF CROPS MEANING 1 Food Crops raised for consumption Rice, Wheat, Maize, Millet, Pulses, Oilseeds 2 Cash Crops raised for sale Cotton, Jute, Tobacco, Sugarcane, oilseeds 3 Plantation Crops Cash crops raised at large e states Tea, Coffee, Coconut, Rubber Fruit and Vegetable crops Fruits and Vegetables 4 Horticulture MAJOR CROPS
FOOD GRAINS: Rice is the seed of a grass variety called Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima, having a fibrous root and the plant grows up to a height of 6 feet. It is also referred to as paddy and it’s seeds are covered with a brown colored husk. The paddy is harvested and de-husked and yields rice grains.
• Rice is the most important food crop of India. • It is mainly grown summer season. • It covers about 75 percent of total cultivated area of the country. • Rice is the staple food of the Indian population. • Paddy requires hot and humid climate. • However, under humid conditions rice can be cultivation in temperate and sub-tropical climate too.
Geographical Requirements: Temperature: Rainfall: Irrigation: 22°C-38°C temperature. Can tolerate temperature up to 42⁰C Requires Hot and bright sun 150 -300 cm rainfall. Water intensive crop In areas receiving less than 100 cm of rainfall. Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh. Soil: Black soil, red soil (loamy and yellow), laterite soil, red sandy, tarai soil. Landform: Flood plain, costal plain and hill terraces.
Methods of Rice Cultivation 1. Broadcasting Method : • Seeds are manually scattered in the field. • Practiced in less fertile and dry areas. • Easiest method. • Low yields. 2. Drilling Method: • Small hole is drilled in the field and seed is planted in the hole. • Labour intensive. 3. Transplantation Method: • Seeds are first sown in nursery submerged with water. • After some days sapling are uprooted and are transplanted in the main field. • Practiced in areas having fertile soil, high rainfall and abundant labour supply.
Season of Rice Cultivation • Three crops of rice are grown in India. • Kharif or winter crop is the chief rice growing season in India. • It is sown in the months of June-July and is harvested in November-December. • 84 percent of rice grown in India is winter rice. • Winter rice is also known as Aman. • Rice cultivated during rabbi season is called summer rice. • It is sown in the months of November-February and is harvested in March-June.
• 9 percent of rice grown in India is summer rice. • Summer rice is also known as Boro. • Rice cultivated during Pre-kharif season is called autumn rice. • It is sown in the months of May-August and is harvested in October-September. • 7 percent of rice grown in India is autumn rice. • Autumn rice takes 90 -100 days to mature. • Autumn rice is also known as Aus.
Distribution of Rice Cultivation in India • Rice is grown in almost all the states of India. • The main rice producing states are Tamilnadu, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand, Chhatisgarh, Punjab, Odisha, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Assam, Maharashtra, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Gujrat and Kashmir Valley. • Two to three crops of rice are raised annually in the deltas of Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri. Nowadays • Punjab and Haryana depends upon irrigation for rice cultivation. • Rice is also grown on terraced fields of the hills from Kashmir to Assam.
Production of Rice in India is the second largest producer and consumer of rice in the world after China and accounts for 21 per cent of the world’s total rice production. Production, Area and Yield of Rice During 2016 -17 in Major Producing States Area - Million Hectares Production Million Tonnes Yield Kg. /Hectare 5. 5 15. 3 2784 5. 99 13. 75 2295 Punjab 2. 9 11. 59 3998 Odisha 3. 85 8. 33 2160 Bihar 3. 34 8. 24 2467 Chattisgarh 3. 83 8. 05 2101 Andhra Pradesh 2. 11 7. 45 3540 Telangana 1. 68 5. 17 3075 Assam 2. 47 4. 73 1916 Tamil Nadu 1. 44 2. 37 1642 State West Bengal Uttar Pradesh
Rice: Export • India is the largest rice exporter in the world. • In 2016 India exported 28. 9% of world’s total output. • In 2016 rice export generated 5315. 535 Million USD. • India is exporting rice in more than 150 countries across the world. • India exports both Basmati, Non-Basmati rice. • India export mainly exports rice to USA, European countries, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, UAE, Senegal, Liberia, Sri Lanka, Benin, Somalia, Singapore, Australia and Malaysia. • European countries and USA being the chief basmati rice importers from India.
Problems of Rice Cultivation in India The major rice production constraints are as follows: • Lack on research front. • Lack of irrigation facility. • Frequent drought and flood, • Insects, pest and disease. • Weeds • Rodents • Poor soil fertility • Inadequate input use
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