Study Guide for Latin 2 National Latin Exam

Study Guide for Latin 2 National Latin Exam

� 1 Nominative: -subject and predicate nominative � 2 Genitive: -possession (of, ‘s, s’); � 3 Dative: -indirect object (to/for) verbs of giving, saying, showing, telling, entrusting � 4 Accusative: -direct object -duration of time: e. g. sex diēs = for six days -extent of space: e. g. 10 feet deep -accusative-infinitive construction (Indirect statement) -object of the following prepositions: ad –to, toward, near ante –before, in front of circum -aroundin –into, onto, against per -through post –after, behindcontra -against inter-between, among prope -neartrāns –across ob – on account of propter – because of � 5 Ablative: -ablative of means -no Latin preposition= by means of, with, by � � -ablative of time - no Latin preposition; e. g. in the summer, at dawn -ablative of agent – w/passive verbs- use ā/ab = by -ablative absolute – with the noun verbing/having been verbed -object of the following prepositions (SID SPACE) � Sub -under. Sine –without In –in, on Prō- on behalf of, for � Dē- about, down from Ab/ā – away from, from Cum- with Ex/ē –out of, out from � 6 Vocative: -direct address –used in questions and commands; often punctuated with “ ”, ! or ?

Pronouns:

-personal: � ego, tū, nōs, vōs � I/me You/you �Nom ego tū �Gen meī tuī �Dat mihi tibi �Acc mē tē �Abl mē tē We/us nōs vōs nōstrum vestrum nōbīs vōbīs nōs vōs nōbīs vōbīs

-relative: � quī, quae, quod – who, which, whose, whom � Nom S quī quae quod � Gen S cuius � Dat S cui cui � Acc S quem quam quod � Abl S quō quā quō -------------------------------------------� Nom pl quī quae � Gen pl quōrum quārum quōrum � Dat pl quibus � Acc pl quōs quās qua � Abl pl quibus

-interrogative: �quis, quid (uses ? mark) – Who? what? � Nom S quisquid �Gen S cuius �Dat S cui cui �Acc Squem quid �Abl S quō quō �Nom pl quī quae �Gen pl quōrum quārum quōrum �Dat plquibusquibus �Acc pl quōsquās quae �Abl plquibusquibus

-reflexive: �meī tuī nostrum vestrum suī - self � meī tuī nostrum vestrum suī of … self �Mihi tibi nōbīs vōbīs sibi to/for …self �mē tē nōs vōs sē …self �mē tē nōbīs vōbīs sēby/with/from…self

-demonstratives: � hic, ille, is � This/these � hic haec hoc � huius � Huic huic � hunc hanc hoc � hōc hāc hōc � � Hī haec � hōrumhārum hōrum � hīs � hōs hās haec � hīs That/those ille illa illius illī illum illam illō illā He She It illud is ea illius eius illī eī eī illud eum eam illō eō eā illī illae illa eī illōrum illārum illōrum eōrum illīs Illīs illīs eīs illōs illās illa eōs illīs eae eārum eīs eās eīs id eius eī id eō ea eōrum eīs ea eīs

Adjectives: st nd (M), 2 nd �Declensions 1 (f) , 2 (N) � 3 rd (masc, fem and neuter)

IRREGULAR ADJECTIVE/ADVERB POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE BONUS/BENE MELIOR/MELIUS OPTIMUS/OPTIME MALUS/MALE PELIOR/PELIUS PESSIMUS/PESSIME MAGNUS/MAGNOPERE MAIOR/MAIUS MAXIMUS/MAXIME PARVUS/PAULO MINOR/MINUS MINIMUS/MINIME MULTUS/PAULUM PLUS/PLUS PLURIMUS/PLURIMUM

-noun and adjective agreement = � number, gender and case (don’t have to match declensions) � -interrogative: quot =how many � -degrees: positive, comparative, superlative in all 3 declensions � positive: (tall) --altus, a, um (1 st/2 nd Decl) or (brave, strong)-- fortis, e (3 rd Decl) � comparative: (taller, more tall, rather tall) ----altior, altioris (all comparatives are 3 rd declension) (M/F) � ----altius, altioris (neuter) � superlative: (tallest, very tall, most tall) altissimus, a um; fortissimus, a, um (all in 1 st/2 nd declension) � variant superlatives: words which end in ‘r’ – errimus instead of issimus (celerrimus) � words which end in ‘l’ – illimus instead of issimus (facillimus)

Agricola servum _____ laudabat �Fortis �Fortem �Forte �Fortibus

Numbers: �Cardinal numbers 1 -10; unus, duo, tres/tria, quattuor, quinque, sex, septem, octo, novem, decem � 100 –centum and 1000 - mille �Roman numerals 1 -100: I (1), V(5), X(10), L(50), C(100), D(500), M(1000) �Ordinals: 1 st-10 th: primus, secundus, tertius, quartus, quintus, sextus, septimus, octavus, nonus, decimus

Adverbs: �degrees: positive, comparative, superlative �-positive forms � -formation 1 st/2 nd: replace with ē = pulchrē = beautifully � -formation 3 rd Decl: add –‘ter’ or ‘iter’ to the stem. �- comparative: add –ius to the base (any declension) � e. g. fortius –more bravely �-superlative: add –issimē, errimē or illimē to the base � e. g. fortissimē = most/very bravely � -interrogatives: cur, (why? ) ubi (where? ) quomodo (how? ) quando (when? ) � -irregulars: bene (well), optimē (best) male (badly) pessimē (worst)

Conjunctions: aut, (or) et (and) quod (because) sed (but) ubi (when) neque, (and not/neither/nor) et. . . et, (both… and) neque. . . neque (neither…nor) aut…aut (either…or) postquam; (afterwards) quam; (although) nec…nec (neither…nor)

Enclitic: �-ne (indicates a yes/no question –do not use with question word like how, when, who, etc) � -que (attach on the second of the 2 words/phrases; puerī puellaeque (boys and girls) � - cum (attach to pronouns-e. g. tēcum = with you)

Verbs: Translations: �Present: I verb; I do verb; I am verbing �Imperfect: I was verbing; I used to verb �Future: I shall/will verb �Perfect: I have verbed; I did verb �Pluperfect: I had verbed �Future Perfect: I shall/will have verbed

Passive Verbs: Translations: �Present, Imperfect, Future, Perfect, Pluperfect , Future Perfect �Present: I am verbed; I am being verbed �Imperfect: I was being verbed; I used to be verbed; I was verbed �Future: I shall/will be verbed �Perfect: I have been verbed; I was verbed �Pluperfect: I had been verbed �Future Perfect: I shall/will have been verbed

Subjunctive Active �Present �I -ō �You -s �s/he -t Imp Fut 1/2; 3/4 -bam -bō-am -bās -bis-ēs -bat -bit-et Prfct -ī -istī -it Plu Fut Perf -eram -erō -erās -eris -erat -erit �We -mus -bāmus -bimus-ēmus -imus -erāmus -erimus �You -tis -bātis -bitis –ētis -istis -erātis eritis �They-nt -bant -bunt-ent -ērunt -erant -erint

Passive � present imperfect fut 1/2; 3/4 perfect pluperfect, � -(o)r -bar -bor -ar 4 pp+sum 4 pp + eram � -ris -bāris -beris -ēris 4 pp + erās � -tur -bātur -bitur -ētur 4 pp+est 4 pp+erat � -mur -bāmur -bimur-ēmur 4 pp+sumus 4 pp+ erāmus � -minī -bāminī -biminī /-ēminī 4 pp+estis 4 pp+erātis � -ntur -bantur -buntur/-ēntur 4 pp + sunt 4 pp + erant

Imperatives � -present active imperative singular and plural : = verb! 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 4 th ā āte ē ēte ĕ ĭte ī īte � -negative imperative with noli, nolite + infinitive = don’t verb!

Infintives � -present active infinitive= to verb -āre -ēre -ere -īre �-present passive infinitive=to be verbed -ārī-ērī-ī -īrī �-perfect active infinitive= to have verbeduse the 3 rd principal part + ssee. g. amāvisse �-perfect passive infinitive=to have been verbed use the 4 pp + esse e. g. amātus esse �-future active =to be about to verbuse the 4 pp+ ūrus + esse e. g. amatūrus esse � -infinitives in indirect statement (with accusative subject)

-participles: �Present -ns, ntis = verbing e. g. amans, monens, veniens (3 rd Decl) �Perfect 4 pp + us, a, um = having been verbed amatus, monitus, etc (1 st/2 nd Decl) �Future 4 pp + ūrus, a, um = about to verb/going to verb (1 st/2 nd Decl)

Irregular verb: sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (to be): � Present. Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect � sum eram erō fuī fueram fuerōI am, was, will be, have been, had been, will have been � es erāserisfuistīfuerās fueris You are, were, will be, have been, had been, will have been � esterat eritfueratfuerit He, is, was, will be, has been, , had been, will have been � sumus erāmus erimus fuerāmus fuerimus We are, were, will be, have been, had been, will have been � estiserātis eritis fuistis fuerātis fueritis You are, were, will be, have been, had been, will have been � sunt erant erunt fuērunt fuerant fuerint They are, were, will be, have been , had been, will have been �

Irregular Verb: possum, posse, potuī—(to be able) �I am able/can. I was able/could. I will be able I have been able I had been able. I shall have been able �possum poterampoterō potuī potuerampotuerō �potes poterāspoterispotuistīpotuerās potueris �potestpoteratpoterit potuit potuerat potuerit �posumus poterāmuspoterimuspotuerāmus potuerimus �potestispoterātis poteritis potuistispotuerātis potueritis �possuntpoterant poterunt potuēruntpotuerant potuerint

Irregular Verb: Volo, Velle, Volui, Volutus � I wanted I will want I have wanted. I had wanted I shall have wanted �volōvolēbam volamvoluī volueram voluerō �vīs volēbās volēsvoluistī voluerās volueris �vultvolēbatvolet voluit voluerat voluerit �volumus volēbāmus volēmusvoluimus voluerāmus voluerimus �vultis volēbātisvolētis voluistisvoluerātis volueritis �volunt volēbant volent voluērunt voluerant voluerint

Irregular Verb: Eo, ire, ivi, itus �I go I was going. I shall go I have gone. I had gone I shall have gone �Eō ībam ībō iī ieram �is ībās ībis īstī ierās �it ībat ībit iit ierat �imus ībāmus ībimus iimus ierāmus �itis ībātis ībitis īstis ierātis �Eunt ibant ībunt iērunt ierant �Present Imperatives: (Sing) ī (go!) (Plural) īte (go!) �

Fero Ferre Tuli Latus �I carry. I carried. I shall carrt I have carried I had carried I shall have carried �ferō ferēbam feram tulītuleram tulerō �fers ferēbās ferēs tulistī tulerās tuleris �fert ferēbat feret tulit tulerat tulerit �ferimus ferēbāmus ferēmus tulimus tulerāmus tulerimus �fertis ferēbātisferētistulistis tulerātistuleritis �ferunt ferēbant ferenttulērunt tuleranttulerint �

PASSIVE: To be carried � feror ferēbar ferar lātus sum lātus eram lātus erō �ferris (re) ferēbāris (re) ferēris (re)lātus eslātus erās lātus eris �fertur ferēbāturferētur lātus est lātus erat lātus erit �ferimur ferēbāmur ferēmur lātus sumus lātus erāmus lātus erimus �feriminī ferēbāminī ferēminī lātus estis lātus erātislātus eritis �ferunturferēbantur ferentur lātus sunt lātus erantlātus erunt �Present Imperatives: (sing) fer (bear!) (Plural) ferte (bear!) �impersonal verbs: licet = it is permitted; placet – it is pleasing (usually plus a dative)

II. CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE �-Geography: Roman world, e. g. , Roma, Italia, Graecia, Britannia, Hispania, Germania, Aegyptus � -Bodies of water: Mare Nostrum, Adriatic Sea, Aegean Sea, Black Sea � -Rivers: Tiber River; Rhine River, Po River, Nile River, Rubicon River � -Important Italian locations, e. g. , Ostia, Pompeii, Mt. Vesuvius, Brundisium, Apennine Mts � -Provinces, e. g. , Africa, Gallia, Asia Minor, � -Major cities: Carthage, Troy, Athens � -Islands: Sicilia, Creta

History: -Basic historical divisions: � Monarchy- 753 BC-509 BC – kings are highest ruling officials � --Kings of Rome: 1. Romulus, 2. Numa Pompilius, 3. Tullus Hostilius, 4. Ancus Martius, � 5. Tarquinius Priscus, 6. Servius Tullius, 7. Tarquinius Superbus � Republic – 509 BC-27 BC – consuls are highest officials � --Early Roman heroes: Horatius, Cincinnatus, Mucius Scaevola � --Prominent historical characters: Hannibal; Julius Caesar, Cleopatra, Spartacus � -- Major events of Roman history: Punic Wars, Caesar's conquest of Gaul � Empire – 27 BC -476 – emperors are highest ruling officials � --Prominent historical characters: Augustus, Marc Antony, Cleopatra �

-Mythology: �Olympians (Greek/Roman names) symbols, duties; founding of Rome, Romulus and Remus � Olympians and associated myths, e. g. , Daphne and Apollo, Arachne and Minerva; � Major heroes, e. g. , Hercules, Aeneas, Jason and Medea, Odysseus, Perseus, Theseus, Daedalus � Monsters Medusa, Cyclops, Minotaur, Chimera � Trojan war, e. g. , Achilles, Hector, Ulysses, Helen � The Underworld, e. g. , Cerberus, Charon, Prosperina, Styx, Pluto

-Roman life: �-city of Rome, e. g. , Forum, Circus Maximus, Colosseum; Palatine Hill, Via Appia, Curia �-basic housing, e. g. , villa, atrium; triclinium, insulae �-clothing, e. g. , toga, tunica, stola; �-Roman household, e. g. , pater, mater, servus, filia �-meals, e. g. , ientaculum, prandium, cena, culina � -architectural structures and their functions: e. g. , aqueduct, thermae (baths), circus, (chariot racing) � amphitheater (gladiatorial battles), curia (senate house), theatrum (theater, stage performances) � basilica, (law courts)

III. LATIN IN USE

-Basic spoken phrases: �Salve, salvete hello. Quid agis? How are you? / What are you doing? �Quid est nomen tibi? What is your name? Vale, valete goodbye �Ita vero, Yes! Minime, no! �Quid est? What is it? Quis est? Who is it? �Gratias tibi ago, Thank you Sol lucet, The sun is shining �Quota hora est? What time is it? Adsum, I am present �Quid novi? What’s new? Quaenam est tempestas? What is the weather? �Surge, surgite Rise, get up Ignosce mihi Excuse me. �Bene respondisti. You responded well

-Derivatives: �English words based on Latin roots, prefixes and suffixes e. g. , agriculture, aquarium, portable, lunar, octet ; sedentary, sorority, puerile, quadruped, introspection, omniscient, incredulous, benevolent

-Expressions �, tempus fugit, (time flies) carpe diem Veni vidi vici, Summa cum laude, per annum, caveat emptor, status quo,

-Mottoes �E pluribus unum, (one out of many) ad astra per aspera, ars longa, vita brevis �-Abbreviations N. B. , (nota bene= note well), a. m. i. e. , A. D. , et al, vs. ,