STUDY GUIDE FOR LATIN 1 NATIONAL LATIN EXAM

STUDY GUIDE FOR LATIN 1 NATIONAL LATIN EXAM

Nouns: 1 st 2 nd Mas 2 nd N 3 rd M/F 3 rd. N Nom (subj) a us/r um --- ae ī ī is -- Gen (Poss is Dat (I. Ob) ae ō ō Acc (D. Ob) am um um Abl (O/prep) ā ō ō ī ī em e ---e

PLURAL FORMS 3 rd. N 1 st Nom (subj) 2 nd Mas 2 nd N ae i arum orum 3 rd M/F a es a Gen (Poss orum um um Dat (I. Ob) is is is ībus ibus Acc (D. Ob) as os a es a Abl (O/prep) is is is ibus

1 Nominative: subject and predicate nominative

2 Genitive: possession (of, ‘s, s’)

3 Dative: indirect object (to/for) with verbs of giving, saying, showing, telling, entrusting

4 Accusative: direct object and object of the following prepositions: ad –to, toward, near ante –before, in front of circum -around In –into, onto per -through post –after, behind contra -against inter-between, among prope –near trans –across

5 Ablative: ablative of means (no Latin preposition= by means of, with, by) object of the following prepositions (SID SPACE) Sub -under Sine –without In –in, on Prō- on behalf of, for Dē- about, down from Ab/ā – away, from Cum- with Ex/ē –out of, out from

6 Vocative: direct address –used in questions and commands; often punctuated with “ ”, ! or ?

PRONOUNS:

-personal: ego, tū, nōs, vōs (nominative, dative, accusative and ablative) I/me you we/us you Nom ego Gen meī vestrum Dat mihi Acc mē Abl mē tū tuī nōstrum tibi tē tē nōbīs vōs vōbīs

-interrogative: quis, quid, quī (nominative and accusative only) (uses ? mark) Who? What? Nom S quis quid Acc S quem quid Who (pl)? What (pl)? Nom pl quī quae Acc pl quōs quās

Adjectives: Declensions 1 st and 2 nd (masculine, feminine and neuter) see noun chart above -noun and adjective agreement = number, gender and case -interrogative:

Numbers: Cardinal numbers 1 -10; �unus, duo, tres/tria, quattuor, quinque, sex, septem, octo, novem, decem 100 –centum and 1000 - mille Roman numerals 1 -100: �I (1), V(5), X(10), L(50), C(100), D(500), M(1000)

Adverbs: positive forms made from first and second declension adjectives (usually ly in English) -formation: pulcher, pulchr. A, pulchrum=beautiful: remove the ‘A’ from feminine, replace with ē = pulchrē = beautifully -interrogatives: cur, (why? ) ubi (where? ) quomodo (how? ) -irregulars: bene (well), male (badly)

Conjunctions: aut, (or) et (and) quod (because) sed (but) ubi (when) neque, (and not/neither/nor) et. . . et, (both… and) neque. . . neque (neither…nor)

Enclitic: -ne (indicates a question –do not use with question word like how, when, who, etc) -que (attach on the second of the 2 words/phrases; translate before the second of the 2 words � e. g. peanut butter and jelly = peanut butter jelly. QUE

Verbs: Translations of 4 tenses: Present, Imperfect, Future, Perfect: Present: verbing I verb I do verb I am Imperfect: verbing I was verbing I used to verb I kept Future: I shall/will verb Perfect: I have verbed I did verb

Conjugations 1 st – 4 th -are: -ēre: -ere: ire Subj. Present Imperfect Fut 1 st/2 nd -ō -bam You -s -bās -bis -ēs -istī -bat -bit -et -it -bāmus -bimus -ēmus We -t -mus -am Perfect I He, she, it -bō Fut 3 rd/4 th -ī -imus You plural -tis -bātis -bitis -ētis -istis They -nt -bant -bunt -ent -ērunt

-present active imperative singular and plural = verb! 1 st 2 nd 3 rd ā āte ē ēte ĕ ĭte 4 th ī īte

-present active infinitive = to verb st nd 1 2 -āre -ēre rd 3 th 4 ere -īre

-negative imperative noli, nolite + infinitive = don’t verb! �e. g. nōlī amāre = don’t love! Nolite amare = ya’ll don’t love!

-irregular verb sum, esse, fuī, futūrus (to be): (4 tenses) present, imperfect, future, perfect Present Perfect Imperfect sum es est sumus fuistis fuērunt eram erās erat erāmus estis sunt Future erō eris erit erimus erātis erant fuī fuistī fuit eritis erunt

II. CULTURE AND CIVILIZATION

-Geography: Roman world, e. g. , Roma, Italia, Graecia, Britannia, Hispania, Mare Nostrum, Tiber River Important Italian locations, e. g. , Ostia, Pompeii, Mt. Vesuvius, Brundisium, Apennine Mts Provinces and major cities, e. g. , Africa, Athens, Gallia, Carthage, Asia Minor, Troy

-Mythology: Olympians (Greek/Roman names) symbols, duties; founding of Rome, Romulus and Remus Olympians and associated myths, e. g. , Daphne and Apollo, Arachne and Minerva; Major heroes and monsters, e. g. , Hercules, Aeneas, Medusa, Cyclops Trojan war, e. g. , Achilles, Hector, Ulysses, Helen

-Roman life: city of Rome, e. g. , �Forum, �Circus Maximus, �Colosseum; �Palatine Hill, �Via Appia, �Curia

-Daily Life villa, � E. g. atrium, triclinium, insulae -clothing, � e. g. , toga, tunica, stola; Roman household, � e. g. , pater, mater, servus, filia -meals, � e. g. , ientaculum, prandium, cena, culina -architectural structures and their functions: � e. g. , aqueduct, thermae, circus, amphitheater, curia, basilica

HISTORY:

-Basic historical divisions: Monarchy- 753 BC-509 BC – kings are highest ruling officials Republic – 509 BC-27 BC – consuls are highest officials Empire – 27 BC -476 – emperors are highest ruling officials

-Kings of Rome: 1. 2. Romulus, 2. Numa Pompilius, 3. Tullus Hostilius, 4. Ancus Martius, 5. Tarquinius Priscus, 6. Servius Tullius, 7. Tarquinius Superbus -Early Roman heroes-

III. LATIN IN USE -Basic spoken phrases: � � � � e. g. , Salve, salvete Quid agis? Quid est nomen tibi? Vale, valete Ita vero, Minime, Quid est? Quis est? Gratias tibi ago, Sol lucet, Quota hora est? Adsum, Quid novi? hello How are you? / What are you doing? What’s your name? goodbye Yes! no! What is it? Who is it? Thank you The sun is shining What time is it? I am present What’s new?

-Derivatives: English words based on Latin roots, prefixes and suffixes �e. g. , agriculture, aquarium, portable, lunar, octet ; sedentary, sorority, puerile, quadruped