Student Learning Development Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism Student

Student Learning Development Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism

Student Learning Development Presentation Outline • Why do we reference? • How do we reference? • What is the Harvard Style? • What is Plagiarism? • How can I avoid Plagiarism?

Student Learning Development Why do we Reference?

Student Learning Development Reasons To make clear when a particular piece of information, idea, etc. is not our own and to tell our readers where it came from. This allows us to: • show where we got our facts from • use other people’s work to support our own argument (evidence, examples, findings, etc. ) • discuss what other people or organisations have said and done and give our own analysis of it • to provide useful definitions, explanations, etc. This is why it is important to ensure each reference is complete and accurate. To allow other people to find the material we used to support our claims.

Student Learning Development How do we Reference?

Student Learning Development Citation You make a short reference (author’s last name and year of publication) in the text of your essay every time you refer to someone else’s work. Reference List You make a list at the end of your essay of all the sources you have referred to in you work – you give complete details here including publisher, etc. The citation acts as a key so that your reader can find the full reference easily on the list of references at the end of your essay.

Student Learning Development Quotations Using the exact words of the author(s) in quotation marks ‘…’ You must include the author’s last name, the year of publication and the page number For example: Generally, English for Academic Purposes (EAP) covers ‘those educational activities in higher education, the purpose of which is the teaching and learning of the English language required by undergraduates, post-graduates and/ or staff’ (Kennedy, 2001, p. 25). When should you quote? • When you are using someone’s definition which is key • When you want to discuss exactly what someone said • When the precise detail of what someone says is important – e. g. a law, policy document, etc. • When someone has phrased something effectively and succinctly

Student Learning Development Paraphrasing You paraphrase when you change the information read into your own words without changing the original meaning. Why paraphrase? • It shows that you understand what the writer is saying • It makes it easier to build you own argument. For example, you can use what someone else says as evidence or an example to support what you want to say • It fits more easily with your own writing style Example: Original: Employers who provide childcare at the workplace have found that lateness declines and levels of stress experienced by employees also decline. Paraphrased reference: There is evidence to suggest that on-site day care is beneficial to employers because employees are more punctual and appear to suffer less from stress (Smith, 2018).

Student Learning Development Paraphrasing Exercise ‘Employers who provide childcare at the workplace have found that lateness declines and levels of stress decrease’ (Smith, 2012, p. 52). 1. According to Smith (2012), those employees who are provided with childcare at the workplace have a tendency to be more punctual and less stressed. 2. Smith (2012) has held the view that when employers offer day care facilities, their employees tend to arrive on time more and seem to be less stressed. 3. There is evidence to suggest that on-site day care is beneficial to employers because employees are more punctual and appear to suffer less from stress (Smith, 2012).

Student Learning Development Things to note Why are these different? 1)It is necessary to read research papers critically. In this regard, Walker (2019) emphasises the importance of understanding the methodology employed by researchers in their studies. 2)It is important to understand the methodology that researchers use in their studies (Walker, 2019). When the author’s name is part of the sentence, it does NOT go inside the brackets because it becomes the subject of your sentence.

Student Learning Development More than one author • Up to three authors: include all the names, in the order they are listed. For example: A sound business plan is essential to the success of every business (Morson and Child, 2010). Morson, Child and Smith (2010) state that most single pets live in privileged circumstances. • More than three authors: give only the first author followed by et al. For example: Worth et al. (2013) suggest that top CEOs agree income could be raised to 50% on earnings over £ 100, 000. Despite technological advances, radio production is less sophisticated than in the past (Howard et al. , 2015). N. B. Give ALL the names in your reference list: Howard, C. , Smith, T. , Jones, L. and Brown, N. (2015) Enemies and Friends. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Student Learning Development Secondary Referencing This is a sentence in a book by Grey (2016, p. 9): ‘According to Brown’s (2015) study, middle managers feel more stressed than those in higher positions’. You want to use Brown’s information but you have only read Grey’s book: • In your essay: There is evidence that stress is a greater problem for middle managers than for senior managers (Brown, 2015, cited in Grey, 2016, p. 9). • In your list of references: You cannot include Brown because you have not read this author – you can only have Grey in your list.

Student Learning Development Exercise According to (Rose Waters and Barry Monk), children love to be scared by their television viewing provided that, in reality, they know they are perfectly safe. Certainly, the image of children hiding behind sofas in the security of their living rooms while watching Dr Who has almost become part of the cultural identity of British childhood (http: //www. kidwatch. org/scifi/falseurl. html, 2011). However, there are programmes aimed at children which cause concern to parents because they may be too frightening. A recent study by Mabel Bentley, for example, reported in Amanda Baxter’s book ‘Kids and Monsters’ found that ‘the vast majority of parents interviewed had expressed reservations about at least one of the programmes their children watched on the grounds that they felt the child had been genuinely scared while watching or had exhibited a subsequent reaction, such as a nightmare’. Holmes and other researchers reported similar findings.

Student Learning Development Exercise According to Waters and Monk (2013), (2013) children love to be scared by their television viewing provided that, in reality, they know they are perfectly safe. Certainly, the image of children hiding behind sofas in the security of their living rooms while watching Dr Who has almost become part of the cultural identity of British childhood (Kidwatch, 2011) However, there are programmes aimed at children which cause concern to parents because they may be too frightening. A recent study by Bentley (2014, cited in Baxter, 2015, p. 69), 69 for example, found that ‘the vast majority of parents interviewed had expressed reservations about at least one of the programmes their children watched on the grounds that they felt the child had been genuinely scared while watching or had exhibited a subsequent reaction, such as a nightmare’. Holmes et al. (2017) reported similar findings.

Student Learning Development What is the Harvard Style?

Student Learning Development Harvard Style: list of references • This should list all (and only) the sources you have used in your assignment • The list should be in alphabetical order • Don’t separate different kinds of sources unless you are specifically told to • Each reference should follow the format for that kind of text

Student Learning Development The Harvard Style The way we reference is different for different types of sources (e. g. : books, e-journals etc. ). • Use Cite Them Right Available by clicking the ‘Referencing’ tab at the top of the Blackboard home page. It is also available in the library and the CCCU bookshop. Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2016) Cite them right: the essential guide to referencing and plagiarism. 10 th edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Mac. Millan.

Student Learning Development Reference list - example Abber, C. and Smith, T. (2016) Research study methodology. Book, two authors Wharton, C. , Pail, R. and Crumb, F. (2018) ‘Why businesses fail’, Business Review, 7 (10), pp. 160 -172. Print or electronic journal Dover: Dover University Press. National Health Service (2019) Symptoms. Available at: www. nhs. uk/livewell/symptom s. aspx (Accessed: 02 July 2017). Website

Student Learning Development Reference list - exercise Look carefully at the information given about each item in this list of references. Can you identify what kind of source each one is? Barton, K. (2012) People in paintings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Baxter, F. (2015) ‘Consumer chemistry’, Journal of Chemistry Education, 65 (3), pp. 206 -219. Ellis, P. (2017) ‘The ability to think critically’, in Barlow, G. and Freid, R. (eds. ) Thinking skills: How can we teach them? New York: W. H. Freeman, pp. 197 -211. Hopper, C. (2014) ‘Legal Lingo’, The Times, 24 August, p. 25. Oxfam (2018) E. ON shelves Kingsnorth. Available at: http: //www. oxfam. org. uk/get_involved/campaign/impact/kingsnorth. h Website Journal Newspaper article Chapter in a book Book tml (Accessed: 15 October 2018). Book Journal Chapter Newspaper Website

Student Learning Development What is Plagiarism?

Student Learning Development Definition What is Plagiarism? Choose as many as you like. a. Copying another student’s work b. Using a paragraph from your own essay submitted previously c. Using an idea/ information from someone else in your essay without saying so d. Copying something directly from a book, journal or website without quotation marks or saying where you found it e. Citing someone else’s idea and discussing it f. Using a graph from the Internet without citing it

Student Learning Development Definition What is Plagiarism? Choose as many as you like. a. Copying another student’s work b. Using a paragraph from your own essay submitted previously c. Using an idea/ information from someone else in your essay without saying so d. Copying something directly from a book, journal or website without quotation marks or saying where you found it e. Citing someone PLAGIARSM) f. Using a graph from the Internet without citing it else’s idea and discussing it (NOT

Student Learning Development To sum up If you have included something in your essay and you do not make it clear that it is someone else’s idea, then readers assume it’s YOUR idea simply because it’s in YOUR essay. That’s the convention in academic writing. Therefore, we reference everything that is not our own original work.

Student Learning Development How can I avoid Plagiarism?

Student Learning Development How to avoid plagiarism • Avoid poor paraphrasing: make sure that you change the words and the way the sentence is put together. You can also be accused of plagiarism if you only change someone's words very slightly • Make sure you understand the sentence(s) you want to paraphrase to ensure you do not change the meaning • Don’t forget to use quotation marks when you borrow somebody else’s words • Make clear which arguments of your essay are based on other people’s work and whose work you have used • List every source you have used and double check your reference list against the citations in you essay