Struggling at sea Seafarers health on board AOS
Struggling at sea? Seafarers’ health on board AOS National Conference Hayes Conference Centre, Swanwick 10 May 2017 1
Phase 1 Phase 2 http: //www. sirc. cf. ac. uk 2
Research Methodology • Two phases of data collection: • 2011 • 2016 • Distribution of questionnaires in various UK, Philippines, Hong Kong, China and German ports • Interviewer-administered questionnaire • Ports visited include Felixstowe, Tilbury, Liverpool, Southampton, Immingham, Bristol and Cardiff in the UK; Bremerhaven in Germany; Hong Kong in China • Total respondents: n=1, 026 (Phase 1) & n=1513 (Phase 2) 3
Sleep quality at sea Quality of life on board Health-related behaviours General Health 4
Phase 1 Phase 2 Age Sex Male Female Status In a couple Not in a couple 33. 9 33. 8 58. 8% 41. 2% Age Sex Male Female Status In a couple Not in a couple Years at sea Crew size Deadweight tonnage 9. 65 20. 9 46, 367 Years at sea Crew size Deadweight tonnage 9. 12 22. 9 50, 854 Total respondents 1, 026 Total respondents 1, 513 97. 9% 2. 1% 98. 7% 1. 1% 59. 5% 40. 5% 5
Nationality profile Phase 2 Phase 1 Others , 11. 8 Filipinos, 17. 7 Eastern Europeans, Baltic and Russians, 24. 7 Northern, Western and Southern Europeans, 12. 4 Indians, 15. 8 Eastern Europeans, Baltic and Northern, Russians, 8. 2 Western and Southern Europeans, 5. 7 Others , 3. 4 Filipinos, 60. 5 Other Asians, 10 Indians, 12. 1 Other Asians, 17. 6 6
Rank distribution Phase 1 Senior officers, 21. 5 Junior officers, 25. 4 Phase 2 Senior officers, 16. 3 Ratings, 50. 4 Petty officers, 2. 6 Junior officers, 25. 8 Ratings, 53. 7 Petty officers, 4. 2 7
Vessel grouping 5962. 1 70 60 Percentage 50 40 30 11. 8 20 12. 2 10. 2 7. 2 4. 2 10 6. 6 3. 5 8. 6 6. 3 8. 2 0 Tankers Container ships Bulkers Axis Title 2011 General cargoes Car carriers Others 2016 8
Sleep quality at sea 9
How often do you have difficulty falling asleep? 45. 1% 50. 0% 43. 3% [VALUE] 45. 0% 32. 8% 40. 0% 35. 0% 20. 1% 30. 0% Percentage 25. 0% 12. 3% 20. 0% 15. 0% 2. 9% 10. 0% 3. 8% 5. 0% 0. 0% Not at all A little 2011 Quite a bit Almost always 2016 10
How often do you wake up during sleep? 48. 1% 50. 0% 41. 0% 40. 4% 45. 0% 40. 0% 25. 1% 35. 0% 22. 0% 30. 0% 14. 4% Percentage 25. 0% 20. 0% 15. 0% 4. 3% 10. 0% 4. 8% 5. 0% 0. 0% Not at all A little Quite a bit 2011 Almost always 2016 11
How often do you have difficulty waking/getting up? 52. 3% 60. 0% 40. 3% 50. 0% 39. 6% 33. 5% Percentage 40. 0% 30. 0% 10. 4% 20. 0% 15. 7% 3. 7% 4. 4% 10. 0% Not at all A little Quite a bit 2011 Almost always 2016 12
How often do you have restless or disturbed sleep? 42. 8% 37. 0% 42. 4% 41. 7% 45. 0% 40. 0% 35. 0% 18. 0% 30. 0% Percentage 25. 0% 12. 5% 20. 0% 15. 0% 2. 3% 3. 4% 10. 0% 5. 0% 0. 0% Not at all A little Quite a bit 2011 Almost always 2016 13
How often do you feel that you don’t get enough sleep? 46. 1% 50. 0% 45. 0% 42. 0% 31. 3% 29. 3% 40. 0% 22. 1% 35. 0% 17. 9% Percentage 30. 0% 25. 0% 4. 7% 20. 0% 6. 6% 15. 0% 10. 0% 5. 0% 0. 0% Not at all A little Quite a bit 2011 Almost always 2016 14
Levels of Fatigue Year 2011 2016 Level of Fatigue Moderate Severe 75. 6% 24. 4% Total 100. 0% (n=751) (n=242) (n=993) 64. 3% 35. 7% 100. 0% (n=890) (n=495) (n=1385) Severe fatigue levels significantly increased in 2016 15
2011 2016 kn es s 4. 3% es ic 7. 6% m ty xie an 9. 3% Ho ed la t ie ty nx 4. 5% 7. 8% kre or W la ra ne e 15% Ge ur 5% ra t pe Te m 10% ht 23. 1% Lig 18. 1% ise 22. 8% No 20% io n 25. 3% ot 28. 1% M s tie du 25% rt 30% Po s rs 35% rn te at gp kin or W ou gh kin or W Percentage indicating sleep had been disturbed by Causes of Lack of Sleep 32. 2% 26. 8% 26. 3% 20. 5% 18. 8% 14. 0% 12. 2% 13. 9% 10. 7% 6. 9% 0% 16
Factors Causing Sleep Loss Reason for not enough sleep scores 2011 2016 N Mean Std. Deviation Work 1026 0. 772 0. 887 1503 0. 843 0. 899 Environment 1026 0. 490 0. 765 1505 0. 573 0. 872 Anxiety 1026 0. 343 0. 595 1501 0. 358 0. 697 Total 1026 1. 605 1. 430 1499 1. 771 1. 707 The differences between 2011 and 2016 were statistically significant. The greatest changes occurred in the categories of work and environment. 17
Quality of life on board 18
Cabin occupancy and screening out daylight 90. 0% 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 93. 6% 87. 1% 81. 3% 10. 0% Share a Cabin 18. 7% 6. 4% 12. 9% Don't share a cabin Screen out Daylight Unable to screen out daylight 2011 2016 19
What Seafarers do in their Rest Hours (2016 only) What seafarers do in their rest hours Go to cabin and sleep-rest Go to cabin and watch DVDs-TV Go to cabin and use the internet-Wi-Fi Go to cabin and listen to music Go to a communal-shared space and watch DVDs Go to a communal-shared space and chat to colleagues Sing karaoke with others Group sports Gym alone Gym with others Use the ship’s internet room Total (with ‘other’ not shown here) Frequency Percent 544 7 41. 6% 20. 9% 13. 2% 9. 1% 5. 4% 2. 8% 1. 7% 1. 5% 1. 2% 1. 1% 0. 5% 1308 100. 0% 274 173 119 71 37 22 20 16 14 20
Health-related behaviours 21
Less alcohol consumption on board than in 2011 Less smoking on board than in 2011 Improved dietary habits on board than in 2011 22
Drink more than once a week? Drink less than once a week? 75% Phase 1 80% Phase 2 25% Phase 1 20% Phase 2 23
drink more than twice a week during vacation? 25% Phase 1 14% Phase 2 24
Alcohol consumed in ports 1. 79 units in 2011 vs 1. 23 units in 2016 25
Smoked cigarettes? 35% Phase 1 31% Phase 2 26
Reduction in number of cigarettes smoked 11. 6 cigarettes per day in 2011 9. 9 cigarettes per day in 2016 27
Are you vegetarian? 11% Phase 1 16% Phase 2 28
Do you eat fried food everyday? 66% Phase 1 60% Phase 2 29
Do you eat fried food everyday? 20% Phase 1 13% Phase 2 30
Seafarers who were inclined to sometimes skip breakfast reported missing breakfast more frequently than respondents in 2011 31
General Health 32
My health is ‘very good’ GENERAL HEALTH 36% Phase 1 30% Phase 2 33
Days ‘off sick’ in a year: 2. 20 days in 2011 2. 81 days in 2016 Doctor visits: Quite often 6% vs 13% Very often 4% vs 9% 34
Psychological distress as indicated by GHQ 12 Year 2011 2016 Doherty D. T. , Moran, R. , and Kartalova-O’Doherty, Y. (2008) No Psychological Distress (0 -11) Psychological Distress (12 -36) Total 72. 4% 27. 6% (n=718) (n=274) 100. 0% (n=992) 63. 5% 36. 5% (n=789) (n=454) 100. 0% (n=1243) 10. 1 % (males) 35
Don’t get ill more easily than most people 47% in 2011 vs 32% in 2016 Felt healthy as anybody I know 39% in 2011 vs 30% in 2016 36
You use painkillers? Use of selfprescribed medication at sea: 1. 074 in 2011. 7911 in 2016 13% Phase 1 10% Phase 1 37
Summary Improvement Deterioration 38
Recommendations • Ship operators should ensure that effective means of screening out daylight are provided in all seafarer cabins • Ship operators should encourage further provision of tasty and satisfying alternatives to fried food on board • Ship operators should ensure that vegetarian meal options are made available to seafarers on board • Ship operators should encourage seafarers to eat breakfast by providing access to breakfast cereals and similar food ‘out of hours’. 39
Recommendations • Ship operators should minimise seafarer exposure to environmental factors which disturb sleep (e. g. poor weather) even when this requires that they prioritise crew welfare over commercial concerns • Ship operators should place sufficient numbers of seafarers on board in order to produce a reduction in the work-related factors which are resulting in seafarers’ fatigue (e. g. working hours) • Ship operators should pay more attention to the protection of seafarers’ mental health. In addition to taking steps to reduce fatigue, operators are encouraged to find ways of providing better access to those facilities and amenities on board which serve to allow seafarers to relax and to achieve a degree of mental restoration 40
The research team • Helen Sampson – sampsonh@cardiff. ac. uk • Iris Acejo – acejoi@cardiff. ac. uk • Neil Ellis – ellisn@cardiff. ac. uk • Nelson Turgo – nturgo@Cardiff. ac. uk • SIRC website: www. sirc. cf. ac. uk 41
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