Structures and Weights 1 QDR AAE 451 Team

Structures and Weights 1 QDR AAE 451: Team 2 Michael Caldwell Jeff Haddin Asif Hossain James Kobyra John Mc. Kinnis February 15, 2005 Kathleen Mondino Andrew Rodenbeck Jason Tang Joe Taylor Tyler Wilhelm 1

Overview n Wing Structure ¡ ¡ n n n February 15, 2005 Geometric Layout Properties of Wing Box Material Properties Structural Geometry Wing Loading Analysis Landing Techniques Weight Estimate [ Overview | 3 -View | Structure 1 2 3 4 | Analysis 1 2 3 4 5 | Landing | Weight | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ] 2

Aircraft 3 -View Mission Requirements February 15, 2005 n 15 min. endurance n Take-off distance ≤ 60 ft. n Vstall ≤ 15 ft. /s n Vloiter ≤ 25 ft. /s n 35 ft. turn radius [ Overview | 3 -View | Structure 1 2 3 4 | Analysis 1 2 3 4 5 | Landing | Weight | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ] 3

Geometric Layout February 15, 2005 [ Overview | 3 -View | Structure 1 2 3 4 | Analysis 1 2 3 4 5 | Landing | Weight | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ] 4

Properties of Wing Box n Shear Web ¡ n Wing Spar ¡ ¡ n ¡ ¡ ¡ n n February 15, 2005 Balsa 20 ribs spaced approximately every 3 inches Stringers ¡ n Central I beam located at maximum wing thickness With shear web and two stringers Ribs ¡ n 1. 6 in. x 0. 125 in. (0. 1333 ft. x 0. 0104 ft. ) Balsa 0. 375 in. x 0. 375 in. (0. 03125 ft. x 0. 03125 ft. ) leading edge stringer 0. 375 in. x 0. 75 in. (0. 03125 ft. x 0. 0625 ft. ) trailing edge stringer for mounting aileron Monokote wing covering All parts: 11 lbf/ft 3 balsa High safety factor (oversized web/stringers) [ Overview | 3 -View | Structure 1 2 3 4 | Analysis 1 2 3 4 5 | Landing | Weight | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ] 5

Material Properties Density (lbf/ft 3) Young’s Modulus (ksi) Yield Stress (psi) Balsa 11 625 1725 Spruce 34 1500 8600 EPS Foam 1. 5 320 -360 Epoxy 0. 007 oz/in 2 Monokote 0. 0021 oz/in 2 February 15, 2005 [ Overview | 3 -View | Structure 1 2 3 4 | Analysis 1 2 3 4 5 | Landing | Weight | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ] 6

Structural Geometry n Balsa construction ¡ ¡ n February 15, 2005 Lightweight Simple, quick construction Monokote covering [ Overview | 3 -View | Structure 1 2 3 4 | Analysis 1 2 3 4 5 | Landing | Weight | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ] 7

Wing Loading Analysis n n Constraints Analysis ¡ ¡ ¡ February 15, 2005 Load Distribution at Maximum Wing Loading Maximum Wing Root Bending Moment Maximum Torsional Moment [ Overview | 3 -View | Structure 1 2 3 4 | Analysis 1 2 3 4 5 | Landing | Weight | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ] 8

Bending n Worst case simplification ¡ ¡ ¡ February 15, 2005 cantilevered beam uniform load distribution negligible outer fuselage mass/support [ Overview | 3 -View | Structure 1 2 3 4 | Analysis 1 2 3 4 5 | Landing | Weight | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ] 9

Twisting n February 15, 2005 Moment due to lift found from moment coefficient [ Overview | 3 -View | Structure 1 2 3 4 | Analysis 1 2 3 4 5 | Landing | Weight | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ] 10

Constraints n Twisting: less than one degree of twist n Bending: bending stress less than balsa yield stress (w/ safety factor of 2) February 15, 2005 [ Overview | 3 -View | Structure 1 2 3 4 | Analysis 1 2 3 4 5 | Landing | Weight | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ] 11

Analysis n Maximum wing load: ¡ n Maximum bending moment (at root): ¡ n 1. 308 ft-lbs Maximum torsional moment (from Cm): ¡ February 15, 2005 1. 97 lbs of lift, assuming uniform distribution and span 0. 194 ft-lbs [ Overview | 3 -View | Structure 1 2 3 4 | Analysis 1 2 3 4 5 | Landing | Weight | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ] 12

Landing Techniques n n n February 15, 2005 Belly Landing Conventional Landing Gear Landing Skis Parachute Catching Net [ Overview | 3 -View | Structure 1 2 3 4 | Analysis 1 2 3 4 5 | Landing | Weight | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ] 13

Weight Estimate n Weights of parts: ¡ ¡ ¡ n Distance measured from front of aircraft ¡ ¡ ¡ February 15, 2005 Fuselages: 0. 317 lbf Wing: 0. 579 lbf Canard: 0. 133 lbf Tails: 0. 146 lbf Motor: 0. 172 lbf Batteries: 0. 113 lbf CG = 1. 482 ft AC = 1. 589 ft Static margin = 10. 7% [ Overview | 3 -View | Structure 1 2 3 4 | Analysis 1 2 3 4 5 | Landing | Weight | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ] 14

Summary n Wing Structure ¡ ¡ Geometric Layout Properties of Wing Box Material Properties Structural Geometry n Wing Loading Analysis Landing Techniques Weight Estimate n Questions? n n February 15, 2005 [ Overview | 3 -View | Structure 1 2 3 4 | Analysis 1 2 3 4 5 | Landing | Weight | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ] 15

Appendix February 15, 2005 [ Overview | 3 -View | Structure 1 2 3 4 | Analysis 1 2 3 4 5 | Landing | Weight | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ] 16

Airfoil Selection: Wing Wortmann FX 63 -137: M. S. Selig, J. F. Donovan and D. B. Fraser, "AIRFOIL AT LOW SPEEDS” – Wind Tunnel February 15, 2005 [ Overview | 3 -View | Structure 1 2 3 4 | Analysis 1 2 3 4 5 | Landing | Weight | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ] 17

Airfoil Selection: Canard NACA 0012 February 15, 2005 [ Overview | 3 -View | Structure 1 2 3 4 | Analysis 1 2 3 4 5 | Landing | Weight | Summary | Appendix 1 2 ] 18