Structure Unicellular or multicellular Nonvascular Same pigments as

Structure • • • Unicellular or multicellular Nonvascular Same pigments as vascular plants Double-membrane chloroplasts No centrioles Inner cell wall made of cellulose • • • Unicellular or Multicellular Nonvascular Same pigments as vascular plants Double-membrane chloroplasts No centrioles Cell wall made of cellulose • • • Red color from phycoerythrin Store energy as floridean starch Unstacked thylakoids Outer cell wall made of pectic acid No flagella • • • May live in colonies Store energy as starch Stacked thylakoids Cell walls made of cellulose Most have flagella

Diversity Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Rhodophyta Domain: Eukarya Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Chlorophyta, Charophyta

Nutrition and Metabolism • Photosynthesis • Floridean starch made in cytosol • Starch made in plastids Reproduction • Alternation of generations • Some reproduce asexually • Sperm lack flagella, so they depend on water currents to reproduce • Sexual reproduction by flagellated gametes

Uniqueness • Unstacked thylakoids and cytosolic floridean starch • Phycoerythrin allows it to live deeper in the water • Some can excrete calcium carbonate • Only algae to form pit connections after cytokinesis • Closest ancestor to vascular plants • Most common algae on land • Form symbiotic relationships with other organisms

Ecological Significance • Calcium carbonate used in bonereplacement therapy • Endosymbiotic with some organisms. • Used to expel intestinal worms • Carotenes may help treat or cause cancer • Agar used in foods and agarose gel • Carrageenan used for yogurt, chocolate milk, and puddings • Porphyra used in Japanese cuisine • Make up coral reefs • Help treat herpes simplex • Some are invasive or parasitic • Counter global warming

Examples Porphyra Trentepohlia P: Chlorophyta C: Ulvophyceae O: Trentepohliales F: Trentepohliaceae G: Trentepohlia P: Rhodophyta C: Rhodophyceae O: Bangiales F: Bangiaceae G: Porphyra Used to produce laver, gim, and nori. Parasitic on trees.

Examples Eucheuma P: Rhodophyta C: Rhodophyceae O: Gigartinales F: Areschougiaceae T: Eucheumatoideae Used to produce carrageenan, which is used in cosmetics and foods. Caulerpa P: Chlorophyta C: Bryopsidophyceae O: Bryopsidales F: Caulerpaceae G: Caulerpa Sea grapes. Used in East Asian cuisine

Examples Coralline Algae P: Rhodophyta C: Florideophyceae O: Corallinales Excrete calcium carbonate. Make up coral reefs. Volvox P: Chlorophyta C: Chlorophyceae O: Volvocales F: Volvocaceae G: Volvox Colonial algae.

Examples Gracilaria Dunaliella salina P: Rhodophyta C: Florideophyceae O: Gracilariales F: Graciliaraceae G: Gracilaria P: Chlorophyta C: Chlorophyceae O: Volvocales F: Dunaliellaceae G: Dunaliella S: D. salina Excrete calcium carbonate. Make up coral reefs. Halophilic. Creates large amounts of carotenoids and glycerol.

References Campbell, Neil A. , & Reece, Jane B. (2002). The Origins of Eukaryotic Diversity. Biology: Sixth edition (p. 565 -567). Sansome St. , San Francisco, CA: Benjamin Cummings. Freshwater, D. Wilson. (2000). Rhodophyta. Red Algae. The Tree of Life Web Project. Retrieved February 15, 2012 from: http: //tolweb. org/Rhodophyta/2381/2000. 03. 24. Guiry, Michael. (2011). The Seaweed Site: Information on marine algae. Retrieved February 15, 2012 from: http: //www. seaweed. ie/index. html. University of California Museum of Paleontology. (2012). The Protists. UGMP Taxon Lift. Retrieved February 15, 2012 from: http: //www. ucmp. berkeley. edu/help/index/protista. html. Gietler, Scott (photographer). (n. d. ). Garibaldi and Red Algae [Online image]. Retrieved February 15, 2012 from http: //www. uwphotographyguide. com/catalina-island-underwater. Pfaff, Sydney (utilizer). (2011). Ingredient Spotlight: Red Algae [Online image]. Retrieved February 15, 2012 from http: //blog. sephora. com/2011/04/ingredient-spotlight-red-algae. html Texas Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences. (n. d. ). Muskgrass, Chara [Online image]. Retrieved February 15, 2012 from http: //aquaplant. tamu. edu/plant-identification/alphabetical-index/muskgrass / Wiegand, Alice (photographer). (2006). Nori [Online image]. Retrieved February 15, 2012 from http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Nori. Navez, Bruno (photographer). (2007). Trentepohlia sp. on Cryptomeria japonica bark [Online image]. Retrieved February 15, 2012 from http: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Trentepohlia_(alga ) Bioted Biology Technology Devolopment (2012). Rong Nho [Online Image]. Retrieved February 15, 2012 from http: //bioted. vn/biofeed/? mode=news&id=325. The Seaweed Site: Information on Marine Algae. Iris Maerl [Image of purple algae]. Retrieved February 15, 2012 from http: //www. seaweed. ie/uses_ireland/irishmaerl. html National Ocean and Atmospheric Organization (photographer). (2010). [Image of brain coral and sea plumes]. Retrieved February 15, 2012 from http: //www. noaanews. noaa. gov/stories 2010/20100825_seaweb. html