Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System Chapter

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Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System Chapter 41 1

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System Chapter 41 1

Skeletal System o o o Forms the body Supports tissues Permits movement by providing

Skeletal System o o o Forms the body Supports tissues Permits movement by providing points of attachment for muscles Site of blood cell formation Mineral storage 2 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Bone o o Rigid connective tissue Constituents n n n Cells Fibers Ground substance

Bone o o Rigid connective tissue Constituents n n n Cells Fibers Ground substance 3 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Bone Tissue o Osteoblasts n n n Derived from mesenchymal cells Produce type I

Bone Tissue o Osteoblasts n n n Derived from mesenchymal cells Produce type I collagen Respond to parathyroid hormone Produce osteocalcin Synthesize osteoid o Nonmineralized bone matrix 4 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Bone Tissue o Osteocytes n o A transformed osteoblast that is surrounded in osteoid

Bone Tissue o Osteocytes n o A transformed osteoblast that is surrounded in osteoid as it hardens from deposited minerals Osteoclast n n n The major reabsorptive cell of the bone Large, multinucleated cells Contain lysosomes filled with hydrolytic enzymes 5 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Bone Matrix o o o 35% organic and 65% inorganic Collagen fibers Calcium and

Bone Matrix o o o 35% organic and 65% inorganic Collagen fibers Calcium and phosphate minerals Proteoglycans Glycoproteins 6 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Bone Tissue o Compact (cortical) bone n n 85% of the skeleton Haversian system

Bone Tissue o Compact (cortical) bone n n 85% of the skeleton Haversian system o o Spongy (cancellous) bone n n o Haversian canal, lamellae, lucunae, osteocyte, and canaliculi Lack haversian systems Trabeculae Periosteum 7 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Compact Bone 8 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Compact Bone 8 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Bone o o 206 bones Axial skeleton n 80 bones o o Skull, vertebral

Bone o o 206 bones Axial skeleton n 80 bones o o Skull, vertebral column, thorax Appendicular skeleton n 126 bones o Upper and lower extremities, the shoulder girdle, the pelvic girdle 9 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Skeleton 10 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Skeleton 10 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Bones o Long bones n n n Diaphysis Metaphysis Epiphysis o o n n

Bones o Long bones n n n Diaphysis Metaphysis Epiphysis o o n n Epiphyseal plate Epiphyseal line Medullary cavity Endosteum 11 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Long Bone 12 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Long Bone 12 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Bones o o o Flat bones Short bones (cuboidal bones) Irregular bones 13 Mosby

Bones o o o Flat bones Short bones (cuboidal bones) Irregular bones 13 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Bone Remodeling o o o Bone-remodeling units Repairs microscopic injuries and maintains bone integrity

Bone Remodeling o o o Bone-remodeling units Repairs microscopic injuries and maintains bone integrity Phases n n n Activation of the remodeling cycle Reabsorption Formation of new bone 14 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Bone Remodeling 15 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Bone Remodeling 15 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Bone Wound Healing o o o Hematoma formation Procallus formation Callus replacement Remodeling 16

Bone Wound Healing o o o Hematoma formation Procallus formation Callus replacement Remodeling 16 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Joints o o Site where two or more bones meet Promote stability and mobility

Joints o o Site where two or more bones meet Promote stability and mobility to the skeleton 17 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Joints o Joint classifications based on movement n n n Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Diarthrosis 18

Joints o Joint classifications based on movement n n n Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Diarthrosis 18 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Joints o Joint classifications based on structure n Fibrous o n Cartilaginous o n

Joints o Joint classifications based on structure n Fibrous o n Cartilaginous o n Suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis Symphysis and synchondrosis Synovial o Joint capsule, synovial membrane, joint cavity, synovial fluid, articular cartilage 19 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Joints 20 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Joints 20 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Joints 21 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Joints 21 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Joints 22 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Joints 22 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Joints 23 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Joints 23 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Joints 24 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Joints 24 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Skeletal Muscles o o o Millions of individual muscle fibers that contract and relax

Skeletal Muscles o o o Millions of individual muscle fibers that contract and relax to facilitate movement 75% water, 20% protein, 5% organic and inorganic compounds 350 named muscles (most are paired) 2 to 60 cm long Fusiform muscles Pennate muscles 25 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Skeletal Muscles 26 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Skeletal Muscles 26 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Skeletal Muscles 27 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Skeletal Muscles 27 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Skeletal Muscles o Whole muscle n n n Fascia Epimysium Tendon Perimysium Fascicles Endomysium

Skeletal Muscles o Whole muscle n n n Fascia Epimysium Tendon Perimysium Fascicles Endomysium 28 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Skeletal Muscle 29 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Skeletal Muscle 29 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Muscle o Skeletal muscle n n Voluntary Striated o n Motor unit o o

Muscle o Skeletal muscle n n Voluntary Striated o n Motor unit o o n Sarcomeres Lower motor neurons Innervation ratios Sensory receptors 30 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Motor Units 31 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Motor Units 31 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Muscle Fibers o o o Myofibrils Myoblasts White muscle (type II fibers) Red muscle

Muscle Fibers o o o Myofibrils Myoblasts White muscle (type II fibers) Red muscle (type I fibers) Muscle membrane n o Sarcolemma and basement membrane Sarcoplasm 32 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Muscle Fibers o Sarcotubular system n n o Transverse tubules Sarcoplasmic reticulum Sarcomere n

Muscle Fibers o Sarcotubular system n n o Transverse tubules Sarcoplasmic reticulum Sarcomere n n n Actin Myosin Troponin-tropomyosin complex 33 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Myofibrils 34 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Myofibrils 34 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Myofibrils 35 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Myofibrils 35 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Muscle Fibers o o Creatine and creatine kinase Phosphate, chloride, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium

Muscle Fibers o o Creatine and creatine kinase Phosphate, chloride, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium 36 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Muscle Contraction o Activation n o o Coupling Contraction n o Muscle fiber action

Muscle Contraction o Activation n o o Coupling Contraction n o Muscle fiber action potential Cross-bridge theory Relaxation 37 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Muscle Contractions and Movement o Types of muscle contractions n n Isometric contraction Isotonic

Muscle Contractions and Movement o Types of muscle contractions n n Isometric contraction Isotonic contraction o o o Eccentric Concentric Muscle movement n n Agonist Antagonist 38 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Test of Bone Function o o o Gait analysis Serum calcium and phosphorus X-rays

Test of Bone Function o o o Gait analysis Serum calcium and phosphorus X-rays Angiography Bone scanning 39 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Test of Joint Function o o Arthrography Arthroscopy MRI Synovial fluid analysis 40 Mosby

Test of Joint Function o o Arthrography Arthroscopy MRI Synovial fluid analysis 40 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Test of Muscular Function o o o Serum creatine kinase Myoglobin EMG 41 Mosby

Test of Muscular Function o o o Serum creatine kinase Myoglobin EMG 41 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Aging and the Musculoskeletal System o Bones n n n o Bone loss Stiff,

Aging and the Musculoskeletal System o Bones n n n o Bone loss Stiff, brittle, decreased strength Bone remodel time is lengthened Joints n n Cartilage becomes more rigid, fragile, stiff Decreased range of motion 42 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.

Aging and the Musculoskeletal System o Muscles n n n Sarcopenia Decrease in muscle

Aging and the Musculoskeletal System o Muscles n n n Sarcopenia Decrease in muscle strength and bulk Reduced oxygen intake, basal metabolic rate, and lean body mass 43 Mosby items and derived items © 2006 by Mosby, Inc.