STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF PLANTS BODY Gambar anatomi
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF PLANT’S BODY
Gambar anatomi organ tumbuhan, tentukan nama organ dan fungsinya. Ciri 2 dari berbagai jaringan pada tumbuhan (jaringan. meristem, parenkim, sklerenkim, floem, xylem). Gambar penampang batang dikotil. Perbedaan tumbuhan dikotil dan monokotil.
The Organs of Plant are: 1. Root THE MAIN 2. Stem ORGANS 3. Leaf 4. Flower 5. Fruit
ROOT The structure of plant that located in the ground Root have three main functions: - Absorb water and minerals from the soil - Anchor a plant in the ground - Store food
Types of Root Fibrous Root System Taproot System
Fibrous Root System Consist of many similarly sized roots that form a dense Grass, Corn, and Onions have fibrous root system
Taproot System A taproot system has one long, thick main root. Many smaller roots branch off the main root A plant with a taproot system is hard to pull out of the ground
The Structure of a Root Tip of the root is rounded and is covered by a sructure called the ROOT CAP The Root cap protects the root from injury from rocks as the root grows through the soil Root hairs grow out of the root’s surface
Inner Structure of Root Surface cells (Epidermis) Cortex Endodermis Stele (Center of the root) Vascular System consist of Xylem and Phloem Xylem: Transports water and minerals upward to the plant’s stem and leaves. Phloem: Transport food manufactured in the leaves to the root. The root tissues may then use the food for growth or store it for future use by plant
STEM The stem of a plant has two main functions: The stem carries substances between the plant’s root and leaves The stem also provides support for the plant Store food
Types of Stem Herbaceous stems contain no wood and are often soft. Sunflower and pepper plant a have herbaceous stems. Woody woody stems are hard and rigid. Mango and roses have woody stems. A woody stem contains several layer of tissue.
Annual Rings These circles are called annual rings because they represent a tree’s yearly growth. Annual rings are made of xylem Xylem cells that form in the spring are large and have thin walls because they grow rapidly. They produce a wide and light brown ring. Xylem cells that form in the summer grow slowly and therefore are small and have thick walls. They produce a thin and dark
LEAVES Leaves vary greatly in size and shape Leaves capture the sun’s energy and carry out the foodmaking process of photosynthesis
The Structure of a Leaf The leaf’s top and bottom surface layers protect the cell inside. Between the layers of cells are veins that contain xylem and phloem. The surface layers of the leaf have small openings or pores called stomata. Stomata open and close to control when gases enter and leave the leaf. The cells that contain the most chloroplasts are located near the leaf’s upper surface. The chlorophyll in the chloroplasts traps the sun’s energy
Controlling Water Loss The process by which water evaporates from a plant’s leaves in called transpiration. One way that plants retain water is by closing the stomata. The stomata often close when leaves start to dry out.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Proses fotosintesis dan hasilnya Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi fotosintesis. Percobaan sach
PERCOBAAN SACHS DAN PERCOBAAN INGENHOUZ UNTUK MEMBUKTIKAN ADANYA PERISTIWA FOTOSINTESIS 1. PERCOBAAN SACHS Membuktikan bahwa pada fotosintesis akan dihasilkan zat tepung (amilum) dan cahaya berpengaruh terhadap fotosintesis Langkah percobaannya: Beberapa daun ditutup dgn aluminium foil dan beberapa dibiarkan terbuka sampai 2 hari. Setelah itu daun dipetik. Daun dimasukkan pada air yang mendidih untuk mematikan sel-sel daun Kemudian daun dimasukkan pada alcohol panas untuk melarutkan klorofil Setelah itu akan ditetesi dengan larutan iodium (lugol). Untuk menguji adanya amilum. Hasilnya : daun yang ditutup aluminium foil warnanya tetap dan menguning, sedangkan daun yag dibiarkan terbuka akan berwarna biru tua. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa pada peristiwa fotosintesis akan dihasilkan amilum (zat tepung) dengan bantuan cahaya.
KINDS OF ORGANISM BASED ON GETTING THE FOOD AUTOTROPHIC Organism that are able to produce organic material or organism that are able to make food itself. e. q. green plant HETEROTROPHIC Organism that aren’t able to produce organic material or organism that can’t make food itself. e. q. human, animal
STRUCTURE OF LEAF epidermis chloroplast air spaces vascular tissues epidermis Guard cells
Internal leaf structure Epidermis top and bottom Pallisade Layer most cells with chloroplasts Spongy Layer gas exchange through stomata
Apex Tip of leaf Leaf Parts Base Attaches to petiole – if petiole is absent, attaches directly to stem Margin Edge of leaf Epidermis “Skin” of leaf - responsible for gas exchange Stomata Outside layer of leaf opening in epidermis where gas and water exchange Mesophyll Middle layer of leaf where photosynthesis occurs
Leaf Parts Blade Main body of leaf Petiole Attaches blade to stem Midrib Large central vein
Parts of leaf Dicotyl leaf
Monocotyl leaf
Parts of chloroplast
What are the functions of leaves? Make Food (carry out photosynthesis) Gas Exchange (take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen and water vapor) Stomate (usually on bottoms of leaves) Guard Cells open and close stoma (hole) as they fill up with and lose water.
STOMATA Guard cells chloroplast Epidermis cells nucleus open closed
PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light reaction - using light (sunlight) - absorption light by chlorophyll - change of light energy become to chemical energy (ATD & NADPH) - occur fission of water molecule is called fotolisis H 2 O H 2 O 2
Dark reaction - not use light - absorption carbon dioxide is called fixation of carbon dioxide - using chemical energy the result of light reaction and carbon dioxide to make starches (amillum) by reaction that help with enzyme - This process is called Calvin cycles
Photosynthesis Reaction 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O (with sunlight and chlorophyll) C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) + 6 O 2 Water moves into root cells by osmosis and up through the xylem tubes to the leaf cells The food moves down through phloem cells to the rest of the cells of the plant
Factors that influence photosynthesis Age of leaf/chlorophyll Water Carbon dioxide Term Light Oxygen
Gambar gerak tumbuhan yang diberi stimulus serta responnya. Gambar Contoh-contoh gerak higroskopisme dan keterangannya Respon tumbuhan terhadap pengaruh luar. Contoh kasus kerusakan pada tumbuhan dan tentukan penyebabnya serta nama penyakit/kelainannya
MOVEMENT IN PLANT Based on its stimulus, the movements in plant are grouped into three : 1. ENDOGENOUS MOVEMENT 2. EXOGENOUS MOVEMENT 3. HYGROSCOPIC MOVEMENT
ENDOGENOUS MOVEMENT (AUTOTOMIC)
ENDOGENOUS MOVEMENT Is movement that is not known yet its cause certainly but predicted this motion is caused by stimulus that comes from the body of plant itself. Examples - the flowing movement of cytoplasm in cell - the bending movement of leaf bid because of difference of growth velocity
EXOGENOUS MOVEMENT (ETIONOM/ESIONOM)
EXOGENOUS MOVEMENT Is plant movement that it is caused by external stimulus External stimulus such as : Light, gravity, water, touch, and chemical substance
The various kinds of exogenous movements in plants 1. 2. 3. Tropism movement Nastic movement Taxis movement
TROPISM MOVEMENT Is movement of part of plant to stimulus that is movement direction is determined by the stimulus Kinds of tropism 1. phototropism 2. geotropism 3. chemotropism 4. thigmotropism 5. hydrotropism
PHOTOTROPISM Is tropism movement that caused by stimulus of light Examples the tip of plant that lies in room will bend to direction of incident light
GEOTROPISM Is tropism movement that follows earth gravitational force positive geotropism is geotropism movement that its direction is downward Negative geotropism is geotropism movement that its direction upward
GEOTROPISM
CHEMOTROPISM Is tropism movement that is caused by chemical substances stimulus Example : the movement of root to food/fertilizer substance in soil
THIGMOTROPISM Is tropism movement that is caused by stimulus of touch to harder thing Example Tendril of plant movement
HYDROTROPISM Is the movement of plant root that is influenced by reservation of soil water.
NASTIC MOVEMENT
NASTIC MOVEMENT Is plant movement to stimulus, that its direction is not determined by stimulus but by plant itself Kind of nastic movement 1. photonasty 2. nictinasty 3. thigmonasty 4. thermonasty 5. complex nasty
PHOTONASTIC Is nasty movement that its caused by stimulus of light example the opening of Mirabilis jalapa flower at certain time
NICTINASTY Is nasty movement that its caused by dark condition (sleeping movement) Examples the closing of Butterfly flower ‘s leaves at night the closing of compound leaves of Leucaena glauca at night
THIGMONASTY Is nasty movement that its caused by stumulus of touch Example the closing of leaves of Mimosa pudica when touched
THERMONASTY Is nasty movement that is caused by temperature stimulus Example Tulip flower will develop if suddently get temperature increasement
COMPLEX NASTY Is nasty movement that is caused by several factors altogether Example the opening and closing of stomata is influenced by light, chemical substance and water
PICTURE THE OPENING AND CLOSING OF STOMATA
TAXIS MOVEMENT
TAXIS MOVEMENT Is transfer movement of all part to stimulus that its direction is determined by the stimulus Kinds of taxis movement 1. phototaxis 2. chemotaxis
PHOTOTAXIS Is taxis movement that is caused by stimulus of light Example the movement of chlorophyll to surface/nearer surface the leaves to get the light
CHEMOTAXIS Is the taxis movement that is caused by chemical substances stimulus. Example movement of spermatozoid of moss and fern to ovum that is found in archegonium attracted to the sugar or protein that is produced by archegonium
HYGROSCOPIC MOVEMENT
HYGROSCOPIC MOVEMENT Is movement of part of plant that is caused by the influence of the change of water level from its cells so happens non-homogenous wrinkling Example the breaking of dried Calanchoe pinnata fruit (cocor bebek)
The opening of sporangium in fern as the cause of wrinkling annulus cells ANULUS
The opening of sphorangium of moss as the cause of the wrinkling peristome cells
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