String Cosmology of 11 Dimensional Spacetime Dr Gerald

String Cosmology of 11 -Dimensional Spacetime Dr. Gerald B. Cleaver EUCOS-CASPER Baylor University CASPER www. baylor. edu/~CASPER

Science Fiction has become Science Extra Dimensions (7 to be exact) n Parallel Universes (at least 1 + maybe a few more) n Multiple Universes (perhaps ~ 1010^100) n Warped Spacetime n Time before Time n End of the Universe Predicted n Anti-Gravity is pulling apart our universe ~ in Trillion yrs even atoms torn apart

Realized in String Theory (M-Theory) 500 Physicists seeking Einstein’s final goal the Theory of Everything (Physical)

String Theory implies nature of reality & existence is more complex … more beautiful … yet more simple … then ever imagined before!

Outline Ø Brief Intro to Strings/M-Theory Ø String Cosmology Ø Destiny of the Stringy Universe & Landscape of String Theory

Visible Universe 13. 7 billion light years In diameter = 8 x 1022 mi trillion galaxies, trillion stars per galaxy

All Matter & Forces in the Universe Unified by String Theory

Particles & Forces Like Notes on a Violin String B A ♪♫ C D ♪♫ ♪♫ ♪♫ E ♪♫ F G ♪♫

Interactions of Lines (w/ infinites, anomalies, nonsense probabilities) Interactions of Surfaces (w/ sensible probabilities)

String Interactions consistent w/ Relativity

Quantum Mechanics Requires String Theory w/ 9 + 1 Dimensional Spacetime Astronomy, OFot. U

Strings have two vibrations – CW & CCW Spin = # of Vibrations in our 3+1 Dim. Spacetime Gravitons = Spin 2 Particles = Strings w/ both vibes in 3+1 Dim S-T Photons, Gluons, W+, -, Z (non-grav. force part. ) = Spin 1 Particles = Strings w/ 1 vibe in 3+1 Dim S-T & 1 vibe in 6 Dim Comp Space SUSYMatter = Spin 0 Particles = Strings w/ both vibes in 6 Dim Comp Space

Circular Too Simple Spherical Toroidal

too simple … to generate exact “vibration” modes needed for strong & weak nuclear force particles (Gluons & W+, -, Z), to generate exact vibration modes needed for all matter particles (three generations of quarks, electrons, neutrinos, along with Higgs) So more complex shapes investigated …

Require Calabi-Yau Compactification for all 6 Compactified Dimensions 2 Dim Surface C-Y Surface—Need to extend to 6 Dim

Energy Modes

String Duality

Only 3 Directions Inflated-Why?

Finite Initial Size and Temperature of Universe

String Explanation for Only 3 Large Dimensions!

P-dimensional Object Interactions

Nagging Problem for 1 st Decade (1985 -95): Not Just 1 10 -Dimensional String Theory But 5!

Solution: Duality (Equality) of All 5 String Theories

Each ‘Theory” is SAME THEORY IN DIFFERENT MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE O Ω Й א ڜ

Membrane String w/ 10 Dim w/ 11 Dim

Two 9 -brane “Universes”= “Us & Them” and extra dimension between

Compactify 6 of the 9 Spatial Directions of each Brane as Before

Effective 5 -Dimensional Theory

Size of 5 th Dimension? 10 -33 cm < y < 0. 1 mm

Tests for sub-mm. directions Fgrav = -Gm 1 m 2/r 2+n 1/r 2 form of gravity being tested. Verified down to 0. 15 mm at Univ. of Wash. with 97% confidence level

Manufacturing of Stringy Blackholes! n n n If sub-mm. dimension then it may be possible to produce mini-black holes (with peco-second halflives) at Fermilab & CERN this decade! NO THREAT TO THE EARTH (NOR EVEN CHICAGO OR GENEVA)!!! Mini-black holes have distinct decays—easily identifiable! Detectors for black holes under construction for Fermilab and CERN

Proposed Explanation for Big Bang Implying Time Before Time!

Astronomy, OFot. U

The colliding Branes would not remain perfectly flat as they approach each other due to quantum effects. Big Bang Inflations occurs in bumps on Branes that collide first. Multiple, separated, Big Bang regions might have been formed from distinct collision points of Branes! Multiple universes on our Brane besides 1+ Parallel Branes along an extra spatial direction

M-Theory & Our Standard 3 Large Dimensions

Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) history

CMB Temp = 2. 73 Degrees above absolute Zero Temp variations of 1 part in 100, 000 denoted by color variations Blue is hottest, Red is coldest

Recent Observation of Earliest Galaxies—Formed 1 billion years after Big Bang

OBSERVATION: Eight distant infant galaxies -- essentially giant globs of hydrogen with a few hot young stars -- lie inside a thin filament, visualized with a computer overlay. The hot stars make the hydrogen glow. Other objects in the image are nearer galaxies or stars.

New Scientist, 5 Feb 2005

String Landscape ~ 10100 Models (with Fluxes) in M-Theory

String/M-Theory as presently understood has a large parameter space of variables (angles between each compactified direction, lengths of each, plus things called fluxes and torques) each leading to universes (observable, hidden, or both) with differing properties. On the order of > 10100 different universes all seem equally possible. Why our particular String/M-Theory universe? Some scientists (e. g. Stephen Hawking) are suspicious that determination of a particular choice of ALL of the M-Theory parameters might not be totally determinable, based on Gödel’s Theorem, which says that one cannot formulate a finite system of axioms to prove every result in mathematics. This means that inconsistencies or indeterminacies can arise if one tries to prove statements that refer to themselves. A physical theory is a mathematical model. So if there are mathematical results that cannot be proved, there are physical problems that cannot be solved. We do not live outside of the universe, but instead we and our theories are both part of the universe we are describing. Hence our theories are also self-referring. And thus we might suspect that any Theory of Everything determined by a finite number of known parameters or variables might ultimately be incomplete or undetermined!

String/M-Theory n n Provides unified explanation of all 4 forces & matter particles. Develops deeper understanding of nature of spacetime and gravity. Presents our universe with a simplicity, order and beauty never before imagined. Simultaneously provides for complexity of universe. Suggests more to our universe than ever of dreamed prior.

Astronomy, OFot. U String/M-Theory as likely GOD’S BLUEPRINT FOR THE UNIVERSE!

CASPER Center for Astrophysics, Space Physics & Engineering Research www. baylor. edu/~CASPER Interesting String (Cosmology) Web Sites (also image sources): http: //www. superstringtheory. com/ John Schwarz’ "The Official String Theory Web Site" http: //www. sukidog. com/jpierre/strings/ String Tutorial with glossary, refs & links http: //www. superstring-theory. com/English. Version. html another excellent intro http: //www. superstringtheory. com/cosmo/index. html http: //www. ba. infn. it/~gasperin/ http: //feynman. princeton. edu/~steinh/ Great string cosmology sites http: //www. nuclecu. unam. mx/%7 Ealberto/physics/string. html http: //dmoz. org/Science/Physics/Quantum_Mechanics/ http: //pages. wooster. edu/bboroson/clinks. html worthwhile collections of links to other major string sites