Strengths and Weakness of Public and Private Universities

Strengths and Weakness of Public and Private Universities - A View from Japan Kintomo Takakura, M. D. , Ph. D. President Tokyo Women’s Medical University

Population Japan 2003 127, 619 thousand Male 62, 304 Female 65, 315 2007 127, 741 (Peak)

Number of Schools (2004) School (x 1000) Number of Students Kindergarten (2 -3 Y) 14, 061 1, 753 Primary School (6) 23, 420 7, 200 Junior High School (3) 11, 102 3, 663 Senior High School (3) 5, 429 3, 919 University (4 -6) 709 2, 809 Collage (2 -3) 508 233 (700) 244 Post-graduate School (2 -4)

University Japan Public National Local Government (City, Prefecture) Private Total 167 87 80 542 709

Number of Students (2004) (x 1000) Public Private Total National Local Gov. 624 122 2, 062 2, 809 Male Female 411 212 61 61 1, 235 826 1, 708 1, 100

Foreign Students Univ. Under gr. (709) Post gr. School (545) 2004 1990 117, 302 41, 347 29, 514 12, 249

Post-graduate School (2004) Number of Students Total 244, 026 (m : f = 173: 71) Cultural Science 20, 782 (10: 11) Social Science 36, 526 (25: 12) Natural Science 20, 315 (16: 4) Technology 78, 819 (71: 8) Agriculture 12, 691 ( 6: 4) Health Science 34, 119 (21: 13) Education 13, 271 (69: 68) 4, 584 (18: 28) 21, 913 (13: 8) Art Others

University Public National The Univ. of Tokyo Kyoto Univ. etc. Local Governmental Metropolitan Univ. of Tokyo Osaka City Univ. etc. Private Waseda Univ. Keio Univ.

THE UNIV. OF TOKYO National Established in 1877 Faculty 10 Institute 16 Students Undergraduate Graduate 15, 074 13, 185

WASEDA UNIV. Private Established in 1882 Faculty 10 Students Undergraduate Graduate 45, 334 7, 273

TOKYO WOMEN’S MEDICAL UNIVERSITY (TWMU) Private Established in 1900 Faculty 2 Students Medicine Nursing Post graduate 600 360 200

TWMU Campus Hospital Doctors Bed Patients (Outpatients) Annual Budget 2 5 1200 2000 7000/day US$ 0. 9 Bil

Governmental Support for Univ. Management (2003) Public (87) Private (542) US$ 11. 7 Bil. US$ 3. 1 Bil.

Finance The Univ. of Tokyo No. of Students Budget Government Tuition Others Waseda Univ. 15, 074 45, 149 US$ 1. 46 Bil. 1. 03 0. 15 0. 28 US$ 0. 86 Bil. 0. 11 0. 55 0. 20

Researchers (2004) National Univ. Local Gov. Univ. Private Univ. Total 131, 100 22, 000 131, 000 284, 000

Research Budget U. S. A. EU JAPAN 2003 US$ 310 Billion 210 168 Ratio/GDP 2. 6% 1. 99 3. 35

Research Budget for Science and Technology 2003 Research Basic Applied Developmental Total 15. 0% 23. 0 62. 0 Univ. Industry 55. 0% 6. 0% 36. 5 19. 4 8. 5 74. 7

Strengths of Public University ® More financial Support from the government ® Low Tuition ® Strong historical background

Weakness of Public University Strong control by government ® No flexibility of finance ® Less identity of University ® Less free arrangement of researches with private industries or enterprises ®

Strengths of Private University Strong identity of university ® Independent from governmental control ® Strong alumni consciousness ® Free arrangement of research works and education with industries or enterprises ®

Weakness of Private University Weak financial support from government ® Higher tuition ® Three times more students than public university ® Broad variety of the quality of students ®

Change of Organization (2004) National (Federal) University Independent University (Gradual Transformation)

Conclusion ® ® ® There are 167 public (87 national, and 80 local governmental) and 542 private universities in Japan. Population of Japan is 127 million. There are 624 thousand students in national, 122 thousand in local governmental and 2, 062 thousand in private universities. There are 244, 026 students in the postgraduate schools in universities. Financial support from the Government in 2004 was 11. 7 billion US dollars to 87 national and 3. 1 billion to 542 private universities.

Conclusion ® ® ® Examples of national (the Univ. of Tokyo) and private universities (Waseda University and our Tokyo Women’s Medical University) were introduced. There were 284, 000 researchers in 2003. The total budget of researches for science and technology in 2003 was 168 billion US dollars. Government has decided to reform the system of national university to financially independent universities, similar to private universities in 2004. And the financial support from the government will decrease gradually in the coming years.