Strengthening public participation in decisionmaking process for balancing
Strengthening public participation in decision-making process for balancing coastal development and environmental revitalization in Korea 2007 IAIA 4 -8 June COEX, Seoul, Korea Jungho Nam, Wonkeun Chang, and Jisun Lee Korea Mariti
Let’s speculate Which should be put into decision making process? What is genuine participation? ? Korea Mariti
Contents v Brief History of Environment Management v Major features of the Masan Bay v Challenges for Public Participation v New Challenge – Sharing responsibilities Korea Mariti
Brief History of Coastal Environment Management v National Level Futu r e t t e rld, B o W tter e B , ans e c O r Bette Emergence of New Concepts Episodic Management re Ecosystem-based approach Watershed-based approach • TPLMS introduction in i coastal areas • No net loss of natural • TPLMS introduction coastline Formulation of • Ecosystem protection in river basins Institutions • Coastal & marine protected areas • MOMAF • Introduction of ICM • CEMAs • New laws & Policies -Coastal watershed • Investment expansion management • MOE • Int’l cooperation • Agenda 21 Ch. 17 • Survey & Research • Red tides, Oil spills • Wetlands loss 1992 1996 End-of-Pipe Approach 2001 2006 Front-of-Pipe Mariti (modified from. Korea Nam and Kang, 2003
Brief History of Coastal Environment Management (2/3) v Local Level – Masan Bay USD 500 million until 2004 USD 400 mil. to be invested from 2005 2000~ Watershed -based & integrated approaches 1984~1999 1970 s~1983 Perception of coastal environment degradation Implementation of Management Measures ü SMA extended to cover coastal land ü Coastal Environment Management Plan ü Introduction of TPLMS ü Conflicts from new institution ü Treatment facility construction ü Polluted sediments dredging ü Monitoring and surveys ü Beach Closure ü Increased public awareness ü Prohibition of Shellfish gathering ü Large-scale red-tide Special Management Area desig. Korea Mariti (modified from Nam and Kang, 2003)
Brief History of Coastal Environment Management (3/3) Korea Mariti
Major Features of Masan Bay § Watershed : 48% of total area of three cities v Geographic features § Watershed population : 90% of total population of three Masan-bay SMA cities § Population density : 2, 682/km 2 § Rate of population increase: 1. 08%/yr Changwon wharf Dumping site Masan wharf New port Pollution Mgt. Area Chinhae Pollution Vigilance Area SMA area Watershed § Length: 8. 5 km § Width: 1. 5 km § Average depth: 10~15 m Treatment facility (MOMAF, Korea 1998) Mariti
Major Features of Masan Bay (2/5) v Environmental Issues l Increase of red tide events § The first red-tide event in Korea l Very low Dissolved Oxygen concentration § Anoxia in bottom layer: dissolved oxygen < 1 mg/L (semi-dead zone) l Pollutant loads exceeding environmental carrying capacity § High biomass of Capitella capitta (pollution indicator species) l Harzadrous material pollution, esp. outlet of treated waste waters § High concentration of heavy metals, PAHs, PCBs, TBT etc. imposex l Coastal reclamation and development projects § Reduction of coastal water area by reclamation : 19. 5 km 2 (’ 64) 11. 5 km 2 (’ 12) reduction of environmental carrying capacity § Development planned : 12 reclamation and 30 coastal development projects Korea Mariti
Major Features of Masan Bay (3/5) l Reclamation 1967 1975 2000 Korea Mariti
Major Features of Masan Bay (4/5) v Managerial Issues l Coastal planning without considering environmental carrying capacity § 42 coastal development projects, Conflict between Masan city, MOMAF, and local NGOs, on a dumping site for dredged material l Weak integrated management system Management Council(2005) § Lack of comprehensive approach to various pollution sources and input pathways § Lack of coordination between economic vision and environment management goals l Lack of systematic strategic action plan Coastal Env. Mgt. Plan(2004) § Implementation of environment management measures without priority, shared vision and goals, and social consensus ex) Limited effect of dredging without effective control of land-based pollution sources l No integrated and partnership-based management entity Community Advisory Council (2005) § Coastal Environment Management Plan of the Masna-bay SMA established through cooperation among related ministries and local governments § But, no integrated management entity with participatory planning and implementation mechanisms yet Korea Mariti
Major Features of Masan Bay (5/5) v Pilot Site for NPA Implementation l Outputs & Outcomes § Management plan, Management council, Community Advisory Council, Scientific Advisory Council, strengthened researches and monitoring etc § Genuine Progress in achieving sustainable development? l Reason for designating National Pilot Site for NPA § Raised public awareness, various citizens activities, governor’s willingness to improve water, abundant data and information, typical environmental issues (magnification) etc § Marine ECHO (2006~2010) § Investment of 6. 8 billion USD • Ecosystem protection & restoration • Pollution prevention from land marine activities • Policy infrastructure enhancement Korea Mariti
Challenges for the Public Participation v For your understanding l Socio-political issues § Economic development and democracy (~ the early 90 s) : military junta § Diversification : democracy, welfare, environment, human rights of minority (~the late 90 s) § Sustainable quality of life (present) l Environmental Issues § Drinking water (~ the mid 1990 s) : river basins [land-oriented] § Coastal waters (~ the late 1990 s) : heavily polluted area, red-tides, oil spills [incorporation of marine issues] § From pollution to ecosystems, nation-wide issues to local issues (present) l Relationship between citizens and government § § Resistance & oppression (~ 80 s) Resistance, check & partial oppression (early 90 s) Resistance, check, partial cooperation ( the mid 1990 s) : first civil gov. Participation, cooperation, check, resistance (~present) Korea Mariti
Challenges for the Public Participation (2/4) v Base for Public participation in Masan B l Triangle for decision-making or planning/implementation § Economic, Scientific & technical, Political feasibilities (participation) § Participation, lag-behind component for rational decision-making l Voluntary activities of citizen groups for better bay (from the late 1990 s) § § Restoration of tidal wetlands Public outreaches, environmental education Organization of federation group for the bay Campaigns and assemblies against development projects etc. l Local Forum, informal consultation system in planning process (2003) – Top-down approach based on accumulated local activities § Facilitating agency, KMI * based on the strategic action plan for CEMA (2000) § Firm base for bottom approach application in decision-making * Establishment of the bay management plan (2004) in cooperation with relevant ministries and local governments Korea Mariti
Challenges for the Public Participation (3/4) http: //masan. momaf. go. kr/marine/keep/save. asp Local forum in 2002 http: //mach. kfem. or. kr/ Korea Mariti
Challenges for the Public Participation (4/4) v Establishment of Institutional mechanism l Management Council, based on Prime Minister’s Order (’ 06) § Review issues and Make decision for improving the bay § Allocate budgets § Vice-minister of MOMAF (chair), relevant ministries, local governments, citizen groups of the bay l Community Advisory Council, based on Minister’s execute (’ 06) § § Review and discuss issues Make recommendations for Management Council Public outreach activities for raising awareness Relevant ministries, local governments, citizen groups, experts, industrial complexes (24 persons) l Scientific Advisory Group, based on Minister’s execute (’ 06) § Experts recommended by relevant ministries and local governments § Review technical and scientific issues § Make recommendations and advices for Councils l Research team (’ 05) § Watershed management, environmental policy, water quality (marine and freshwater), modeling, hydraulics, marine biology, economics, law etc Korea Mariti
Challenges for the Public Participation (4/4) Korea Mariti
New Challenge – sharing responsibilities l TPLMS, regulation of land-based activities § Allocation of pollutant loads to each local government and stakeholder § Emission of pollutants under the loads § Mobilization of financial resources to implement reduction measures Regulation & De-regulation (emerging issue in coastal area) l Sharing authorities between public and governmental sectors, and responsibilities among governmental sectors § Conflict resolution at various levels - local level, ministerial level, among stakeholders, etc. § Establishment of Local funding mechanism from their own efforts at local levels l Time to transfer from Output to Outcome & from Cliché to Action Korea Mariti
Oceans and Coasts As a Force That Unites Stakeholders, Rather Than Divides them. They create COMMUNITIES with the shared vision. Thank you for listening! Korea Mariti
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