Strength of EMF Vs Abnormal Eremosphaera Algae Cells

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Topic Problem IF the strength of the electromagnetic field increases as follows: 0 m. G, 500 m. G, 1000 m. G, 3, 100 m. G, 6, 200 m. G, 14, 100 m. G and 17, 200 m. G THEN will that cause the percentage of abnormalities of the Eremosphaera Algae cells to increase, stay the same or decrease?

Hypothesis I predict that if the electromagnetic field increases from 0 milligauss to 17, 200 milligauss, then the percent of abnormal Eremosphaera Algae cells will increase significantly when exposed to more than 1, 000 milligauss because electric currents produce an electromagnetic field (EMF) can induce an electrical current. When cells are exposed to an EMF an electrical current will flow through them. This induced electrical current may increase the temperature of the cell which may then cause damage to the cell. The World Health Organization’s guidelines state that exposure to electromagnetic fields below 1, 000 milligauss is safe for the general public and below 5, 000 milligauss is safe for workers. Therefore, I hypothesize that the percentage of abnormal cells would start to increase significantly at 1000 milligauss and would then increase at an accelerated rate as the EMF exposure level increases.

Independent Variable The independent variable is the strength of the EMF exposure levels. The exposure levels of EMF that will be tested are: 0 m. G 500 m. G 1000 m. G 3100 m. G 6200 m. G 14100 m. G 17200 m. G The range of values from 0 m. G to 17, 200 m. G tests exposure levels below and above the World Health Organization’s exposure guideline limit of 1, 000 m. G for the general public and the exposure guideline limit of 5, 000 m. G for workers.

Dependent Variable The dependent variable is the percentage of abnormal Eremosphaera algae cells. Normal Cells Circular Shape, No Protrusions, No Discoloration Abnormal Cells Abnormal Shapes Abnormal Protrusions Abnormal Colors

Control The control group contained Eremosphaera algae cells that were exposed to 0 EMF. 0 m. G

Constants The constants are: 1 hour exposure time, 23 °C test tube water bath, 18 mm × 150 mm test tubes, 15 cm space between test tubes, 22 gauge insulated copper wire to make coils, 1. 5 volt current to generate EMF, 5 second light shake of stock cell solution before drawing each sample, 5 ml of living Eremosphaera algae cells from same stock solution in each test tube, 5 second light shake of each exposed cell solution before drawing each sample, 3 drops of exposed Eremosphaere algae cell solution to make each wet mount slide, 40× microscope magnification.

Materials The materials required are as follows: Equipment: (1) 10 ml graduated cylinder, (1) dropper, (1) 50 ml beaker, (4) thermometers that read from 20 -100 °C, (7) ring stands, (7) test tube clamps, (14) 18 x 150 mm test tubes, (2) test tube racks, 100 ft. of 22 gauge insulated wire, (1) volt converter, (1) aquarium pump, (1) EMF meter, (22) microscope slides, (1) microscope video attachment, (1) digital video camera recorder, (1) T. V. and (1) computer. Consumable supplies: Eremosphaera algae cells and water Measurement devices: EMF meter that measures in milligauss Safety Equipment: (1) Ground fault circuit interrupter, (1) pair goggles, antibacterial soap

Procedures and Photos 1. Label the test tubes 0 - 6. 2. Use ring stands and test tube clamps to place the 7 test tubes 15 cm apart in an aquarium.

Procedures and Photos 3. Wrap 22 gauge insulated wire continuously from one test tube to 0 m. G another as follows: Test tube #0: 0 m. G 0 coils of wire 500 m. G Test tube #1: 500 m. G 1000 m. G 1 layer of 5 coils Test tube #2: 1000 m. G 3100 m. G 3 layers of 5 coils 6200 m. G Test tube #3: 3100 m. G 14100 m. G 6 layers of 5 coils Test tube #4: 6200 m. G 17200 m. G 9 layers of 5 coils Test tube #5: 14100 m. G 12 layers of 5 coils Test tube #6: 17200 m. G 15 layers of 5 coils

Procedures and Photos 4. Connect the two ends of the wire coiled around the test tubes to the volt converter. 5. Plug the voltage converter into a GFCI outlet. Use caution and do not operate while standing in water. 6. Set the volt converter to 1. 5 volts. 7. Turn on the 1. 5 volt current. 8. Measure the EMF level inside each test tube using an EMF meter. Record the measurement in milligauss. 9. Turn off the 1. 5 volt current.

Procedures and Photos 10. Fill the aquarium with tap water. 11. Set up an aquarium pump to circulate the test tube water bath in the aquarium to help regulate the temperature of the cells environment to 23 °C. 12. Use a thermometer to measure the temperature of the test tube water bath. 13. Gently shake the stock Eremosphaera algae cell solution for 5 seconds and then transfer 5 m. L of cell suspension to each of the 7 test tubes.

Procedures and Phots 14. Check to make sure the voltage converter is plugged into a GFCI outlet. Use caution and do not operate while standing in water. 15. Turn on the 1. 5 volt current. 16. Leave the test tubes containing Eremosphaera algae cells exposed for 1 hour and then turn off the electromagnetic fields. 17. Gently shake the test tube of each experimental group for 5 seconds. Then use a clean pipette to draw out a 1 ml sample of the exposed Eremosphaera algae cell solution from the center of the test tube.

Procedures and Photos 18. Make a wet mount slide using 3 drops of the exposed cell solution from the pipette. Label the slide. 19. Return any unused cell solution to the test tube. 20. Record the appearance of the cells in the sample using a digital camera and video microscope. Repeat this 31 times to collect 31 samples from each test tube. 21. Label and print out all the digital pictures. Cut the pictures out and cover the label on each photograph with painters masking tape to reduce bias.

Normal Cells Circular Shape, No Protrusions, No Discoloration Abnormal Cells Abnormal Protrusions Abnormal Shapes Abnormal Colors

Procedures and Photos 22. Use the abnormal and normal cell chart to identify abnormal cells. Mark an X in red pen on all the abnormal cells. Repeat for each photograph. 23. Remove the painters masking tape to reveal the label of each photograph, count the total number of abnormal and normal cells and then record the data.

Procedures and Photos 24. For disposal the Eremosphaera algae cells will be boiled for 10 minutes and then rinsed and washed down the drain using hot soapy water.

Procedures and Photos 25. The ratio data for each experimental group was added together to obtain its total ratio. 26. The total ratio was then used to calculate the average percentage of abnormal cells using the following formula: % Abnormal Cells = (Abnormal Cells / Total Number of Cells) × 100 27. The EMF and % abnormal cells data was then entered into Excel. 28. The data entered from the experiment was then used to generate a scatter plot graph by the Excel program. 29. A smooth line was then calculated and drawn with a white line through the data points by the Excel program. 30. A best fit line was then calculated and drawn with red dots by the Excel program. Excel found the best fit line to be a 4 th order polynomial equation with an R 2 value of. 9922. 31. Standard error bars were then calculated and drawn in red by the Excel program.

EMF Strength vs. % Abnormal Cells Percentage of Abnormal Eremosphaera Algae Cells (Abnormal Cells / Total Number of Cells) × 100 % 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 0 m. G 10 / 17 4/ 10 5/ 10 6/ 16 8/ 16 10 / 17 4/ 10 5/ 10 6/ 16 8/ 16 6/ 12 47. 8% 500 m. G 4/ 8 9/ 22 8/ 18 9/ 19 5/ 10 4/ 8 9/ 22 8/ 18 9/ 19 5/ 10 7/ 15 46. 5% 11 12 11 12 10 19 14 14 10 19 14 14 20 / 36 15 / 27 12 / 13 13 / 18 13 / 23 7/ 13 12 / 13 13 / 18 10 / 24 20 / 36 15 / 27 12 / 13 13 / 18 7/ 13 9/ 17 20 / 27 14 / 22 13 / 23 10 / 24 20 / 36 15 / 27 13 / 23 9/ 17 20 / 27 14 / 22 9/ 17 10 / 24 8/ 11 14 / 18 10 / 11 11 / 11 10 / 10 8/ 11 14 / 18 10 / 11 11 15/ / 18 11 12 11 1, 000 5/ 7/ 7/ 5/ 7/ 7/ 8/ / / / 50. 7% m. G 18 17 20 13 16 18 17 20 13 16 16 19 14 14 20 20 / 36 15 / 27 12 / 13 13 / 18 13 / 23 7/ 13 9/ 17 10 / 24 20 / 27 14 / 22 8/ 11 14 / 18 10 / 11 11 / 11 10 / 10 10 13 3, 100 6/ 6/ 6/ / / / / / / 59. 3% 11 11 11 m. G 24 32 22 18 24 32 22 18 22 6, 200 / m. G 27 14, 10 14 / 0 m. G 22 17, 20 10 / 0 m. G 10 13 / 19 15 / 27 66. 5% 57. 2% 88. 3%

EMF Strength vs. % Abnormal Cells Percentage of Abnormal Eremosphaera Algae Strength Cells (Abnormal Cells / Total Number of Cells) × Of 100 EMF Average Ratio Average Percent 0 m. G 33/69 47. 8% 500 m. G 35/77 46. 5% 1, 000 m. G 42/84 50. 7% 3, 100 m. G 63/107 59. 3% 6, 200 m. G 72/112 66. 5% 14, 100 61/108 57. 2% m. G 17, 200 53/61 88. 3%

Average % Abnormal Cells EMF vs. % Abnormal Cells 100 80 60 40 20 0 R 2 = 0, 9961 0 5000 10000 15000 Strength of EMF (m. G) After 1 Hour Exposure 20000

Results After 1 hour of exposure: 0 m. G was 47. 8% abnormal 500 m. G was 46. 5% abnormal 1, 000 m. G was 50. 7% abnormal 3, 100 m. G was 59. 3% abnormal 6, 200 m. G was 66. 5% abnormal 14, 100 m. G was 57. 2% abnormal 17, 200 m. G was 88. 3% abnormal After exposure, as the EMF increased the percentage of abnormal cells also increased. A significant increase of abnormal cells started at 1000 milligauss and increased at a faster rate as the exposure rose to 17, 200 milligauss. These results demonstrate if the strength of the EMF increases then the % abnormal Eremosphaera algae cells will increase in a direct relationship.

Conclusion I had predicted that if the strength of the EMF increases to more than 1, 000 milliguass then the percentage of abnormal Eremosphaera algae cells will increase significantly. The following data from my results supports my hypothesis: the percentage of abnormal Eremosphaera algae cells of the experimental group exposed to 17, 200 milligauss was on average 39. 1% more than the control group that was exposed to 0 milligauss. The strength of the EMF has a direct relationship with the percentage of abnormal Eremosphaera algae cells. Increasing the strength of the EMF caused the percentage of abnormal Eremosphaera algae cells to increase because the EMF induced an electrical current in the cell which caused the temperature of the cell to increase and become damaged.

Research Summary Electromagnetic fields (EMF) are produced by electrical currents. The opposite is also true. If a substance that conducts electricity moves in a magnetic field then electrical currents are produced in that substance. So when the Eremosphaera Algae cells are exposed to an EMF an induced electrical current may flow through the cells. If an electrical current is induced inside the cell then the temperature of the cell may increase which may cause cell damage.

Research Summary The World Health Organization’s guidelines state that exposure to EMF levels below 1, 000 milligauss is safe for the general public. It is worth noting that this experiment supports this standard because the experimental groups with an exposure level at or below 1, 000 m. G do not show any significant difference from the control group with an exposure level of 0 m. G. As such, exposure to EMF poses only a minimal risk to the general public because they are not normally exposed to sufficiently high enough EMF levels to cause cell damage.

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Image Credits All data tables and graphs created by ____________. All photographs taken by ________________. Biohazard clipart image from Perfection Cleaning and Restoration <http: //www. perfectionfloodandfire. com/trauma-crime-scene-clean-up/> Eremosphaera Algae Cell background image from the Pling Factory <http: //www. plingfactory. de/Science/Atlas/Kennkarten%20 Algen/Chlorophyta/source/Eremosphaera. html>