Strategies for building a global knowledge commons Institutional

Strategies for building a global knowledge commons Institutional Repository and Beyond IDRC, Ottawa Oct. 17, 2005 Leslie Chan Bioline International University of Toronto at Scarborough

Challenges ? “African countries need to have in place appropriate mechanisms and infrastructure for training and exploitation of knowledge. This will enable them to make meaningful evidence-based policy, in order adequately to address local needs and participate in the international community on science and technology issues. ” Network of the African Science Academies and the science academies from the G 8 countries (2005) http: //www. scidev. net/pdffiles/jointstatement. pdf

Opportunities ? The countries that move early to build a 21 st century Research Communications System – harnessing the full power of “open access” – will be the leaders in building tomorrow’s knowledge economies and innovative societies Arthur J. Carty National Science Advisor to the Prime Minister International Association of Technological University Librarie, Quebec 31 May 2005

Assumptions • Access to data and information critical to development of an innovative knowledge society • Open Access is transforming the way the research communities create, share, and disseminate their intellectual output • OA is even more crucial for science and research in the developing world

Open Access ? • Benefits • Strategies for archiving OA – OA Publishing – OA Repository • Is OA a truly global movement? • Case studies – Bioline International – TSpace University of Toronto Institutional Repository • Policy Issues

Paradoxes of R&D and Scholarly Communications • Emphasis on generation of research - lack of attention to its dissemination, even less attention on preservation and stewardship • Publicly funded research results privately owned • Eagerness to translate university research into marketable products • Growing “enclosure” of the knowledge commons • Global science and “lost” science

Challenges • Data, information, knowledge highly fragmented • High cost of research • Divergence of information systems • Lost of digital information • Indigenous knowledge systems poorly represented

Benefits of OA • Increase citation impact and hence return on investment • Raise institutional prestige • New usage of research results • Promote collaboration and broaden participation • Enable new service and business models • Enhance public subsidies

International Initiatives • Budapest Open Access Initiative (2002) • Berlin Declaration on Open Access (2003) • OECD Ministerial Declaration on Access to Research Data (2004) • IFLA Statement on Open Access (2004) • Funding agencies moving towards open access policies – Wellcome Trust (UK) – RCUK – NIH (US) • Open Access Publishing gaining supporters – U. K. : Biomed Central – U. S. : PLo. S • Salvador Declaration on Open Access: the developing world perspective (2005) http: //www. icml 9. org/channel. php? lang=en&channel=91&content=439

Recent OA Meetings • Open Access for Developing Countries, 9 th International Congress on Medical Librarianship, 20 -23 September 2005, Salvador, Brazil – http: //www. icml 9. org/meetings/openaccess/public/document s/declaration. htm • International Conference on Strategies and Policies on Open Access to Scientific Information, Beijing, China (2005) • Workshops on Open Access Repositories, MS Swamanathan Research Foundation, Chennai, India, 2003 • OSI organized workshops in S. Africa (2003), Ukraine (2005), Lithuania (2005)

Canadian Context Arthur J. Carty National Science Advisor to the Prime Minister International Association of Technological University Librarie, Quebec 31 May 2005

Some key Canadian Initiatives • Open Knowledge Project - John Willinsky UBC • SSHRC and Canada Foundation for Innovation – supporting development of the Synergies Project • SSHRC - OA consultation (Should SSHRC mandate OA? ) • Federal e. Library (FSe. L) – The Strategic Alliance of Federal Science and Technology Libraries is proposing the creation of a virtual library for use by all Government of Canada scientists, S&T researchers & policy analysts • Canadian Association of Research Library (CARL) – developing a network of IRs and a central harvester – Funded the Knowledge Dissemination Study • Canadian Research Knowledge Network - developing statement on OA • National Data Infrastructure – the National Consultation on Access to Scientific Research Data (NCASRD) has recommended the creation of a national data infrastructure to ensure open and secure access to key databases of scientific & historical importance to Canada

• TOWARDS AN INTEGRATED KNOWLEDGE ECOSYSTEM: A CANADIAN RESEARCH STRATEGYA Report Submitted to the Canadian Association of Research Libraries / L'Association des bibliothèques de recherche du Canada (CARL/ABRC) Jan 2005 • http: //www. kdstudy. ca/results. html

Academic publishing in Canada • Little commercial interest • Highly subsidized by government funding • Most journals have low overseas subscription • Most academic authors published outside of Canada

http: //tspace. library. utoronto. ca

Faculty Benefits § § § § Increased visibility Increased citation rates Increased readership Permanent links Copyright is not transferred Long-term preservation Persistent access Minimizes effort

Priority indexing and ranking in search engines

447 downloads in a year

Increased use In a year, 4, 177 hits Prof Kenned’s online CV: 1681 ave. chapter visits 229 The library’s 6 copies circulated once in past year (since online) grand total of 57 times since 1992.

Most journals allow authors to openly post their work

Journal article

Control the use of your work: creativecommons. ca

• Screen shots of a – Technical report or a Working papers kmdi Technical reports – Video (oise – multimedia) Presentations Datasets Audio Video….

Operational aspects Eprints Server

Operational aspects Plone server

Operational aspects NEW ISSUE PUBLISHED ARTICLE CONVERSION FILES GATHERED / CREATED IMAGE CONVERSION FINAL TOUCHES & CHECKING FOR ACCURACY UPLOAD & CHECK EPrints & ARCHIVING

PDF fullpaper OAI Harvester sp 2000 DSMZ PDF Full Paper Repository abstract UT HTML Full Paper Repository PDF Document HTML and tagging formatting XML fullpaper journals homepage Species Names Database Abstracts Repository (XML) Abstracts Database Controler Database XML Config Files Aux Files (XML/HTML) OAI Harvester

PDF fullpaper OAI Harvester sp 2000 HTML XML HTML OAI Harvester DSMZ PDF Full Paper Repository abstract PDF UT Document tagging and formatting HTML Full Paper Repository fullpaper journals homepage XM L Species Names Database Abstracts Repository (XML) Abstracts Database OAI Harvester HTML OAI Harvester L XM Controler Database XML Config Files Aux Files (XML/HTML) OAI Harvester

<article id="oc 05011" lang="en" volume="100" number="01" month="02" year="2005“ pages="55 -58" content="html" version="xml" received-date="20040319“ accepted-date="20041220" bioline-date="20050414" free="yes"> > <title lang="en">Antifungal activity from <taxon genus="Ocimum" species="gratissimum"><sp>Ocimum</sp> <sp>gratissimum</sp></taxon> L. towards <taxon genus="Cryptococcus" species="neoformans"><sp>Cryptococcus</sp> <sp>neoformans</sp></taxon> </title> <author>Janine de Aquino Lemos, Xisto Sena Passos, Orionalda de Fátima Lisboa Fernandes, José Realino de Paula, Pedro Henrique Ferri, Lúcia Kioko Hasimoto e Souza, Aline de Aquino Lemos, Maria do Rosário Rodrigues Silva </author> <keyword lang="en">Ocimum gratissimum, essential oil, eugenol, Cryptococcus neoformans< </keyword> <abstract lang="en"> Cryptococcal infection had an increased incidence in last years due to the explosion of acquired immune deficiency syndrome epidemic and by using new and effective immunosuppressive agents. The currently antifungal therapies used such asamphotericin B, fluconazole, and itraconazole have certain limitations due to side effects and emergence of resistant strains. So, a permanent search to find new drugs for cryptococcosis treatment is essential. Ocimum gratissimum, plant known as alfavaca (Labiatae family), has been reported earlier with in vitro activity against some bacteria and dermatophytes. In our work, we study the in vitro activity of the ethanolic crude extract, ethyl acetate, hexane, and chloroformic fractions, essential oil, and eugenol of O. gratissimum using an agar dilution susceptibility method towards 25 isolates of <taxon genus="Cryptococcus" species="neoformans"><sp>Cryptococcus</sp> <sp>neoformans</sp></taxon>. All the extracts of O. gratissimum studied showed activity in vitro towards C. neoformans. Based on the minimal inhibitory concentration values the most significant results were obtained with chloroformic fraction and eugenol. It was observed that chloroformic fraction inhibited 23 isolates (92%) of C. neoformans at a concentration of 62. 5 &#x 03 BC; g/ml and eugenol inhibited 4 isolates (16%) at a concentration of 0. 9 &#x 03 BC; g/ml. This screening may be the basis for the study of O. gratissimum as a possible antifungal agent. </abstract > </abstract> <copyright> Copyright 2005 - Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz. </copyright > </copyright> </article>

Technical infrastructure Low cost hardware – Intel based computers Open Source / free software – – – Red Hat Linux OS Perl Javascript Postgre. SQL database Apache Web Server • Standard Technologies – HTML, XSLT, SQL, SOAP

Results of OA so far conventional • Featured in various articles: e. g. "Open Archives Initiative Data Providers. Part II: Science and Technology, " Library Hi Tech News 21, no. 5 (June 2004): 22 -30. • http: //www. public. iastate. edu/~gerrymck/OAI-DP-II. pdf • Contacted by Bowker. com to provide information about the Bioline databases for Ulrich’s Serials Directory • Bioline journals listed in the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) – http: //www. doaj. org • Project recommended to journals by officials at the WHO • Bioline E-Prints server included in ISI Current Web Contents http: //www. isinet. com/products/cap/ccc/cwc/ • Bioline journals included in numerous library e-journal & eresource lists

Sample Bioline usage statistics

OA results • Referral – – 1 st: Google (51892) 2 nd: Yahoo (16969) 16 th: DOAJ (3295) 22 nd: Eprints server (2168) • Country domains – 55% (1, 631, 169) with IP from N. America – Europe (9. 98%), South America (6. 11%), Asia (4. 13%), Oceania (1. 14%) and Africa (<1%)

Number of articles submitted, JPGM Data from D. K. Sahu

Journal of Postgraduate Medicine Data from D. K. Sahu

Journal of Postgraduate Medicine International submissions Data from D. K. Sahu

Journal of Postgraduate Medicine UK Countries Data from D. K. Sahu

ISI Impact Factor Journal of Postgraduate Medicine Effect on citations Data from D. K. Sahu

Journal of Postgraduate Medicine Increasing Citation

Policy Issues Should OA be mandated? • • The sure route to OA? Only 15 -25% of scholarly material OA RCUK, Wellcome Trust SSHRC? – OA repository – OA journals – What about SSHRC subsidized journals?

Policy Issues • Who pays for what • Rights management • Long term preservation