Stramenopiles 28 29 32 33 30 31 STRAMENOPILES

Stramenopiles 28 29 32 33 30 31

STRAMENOPILES: Autotrophs (“Ochrophytes”) 1 3 Brown Algae 4 Synurans 5 Golden-Brown Algae Yellow-Green Algae

STRAMENOPILES: Autotrophs (“Ochrophytes”) 2 Diatoms

STRAMENOPILES: Heterotrophs Saprolegnia 7 6 Water Molds

STRAMENOPILES: Heterotrophs Phytopthora Late Potato Blight Pythium Plasmopora Damping Off Disease, Grape Downy Mildew Root Rot

Stramenopile Phylogeny

Stramenopiles Synapomorphy: Heterokont Flagellae

Stramenopiles: Ochrophytes 1 3 Brown Algae Synurans Diatoms 4 Golden-Brown Algae 5 Yellow-Green Algae

Putative Chloroplast Origin in “Ochrophytes” 10 11

Diatoms 1 2 3

Diatom Habitat (Marine, Freshwater)

Diatom Habitat Pelagic 7 Benthic 8

Diatom Substrates Plankton Periphyton 24

9 Epizoic Diatom Substrates Epiphytic Epilithic Endozoic 11 (Foraminfera) (Cnidaria) Endophytic/Endosymbiotic

Ocean Sediments 14

Primary Productivity: 20% of Global Carbon Fixation 13

Diatomaceous Earth 26 27

Neurotoxin: Domoic Acid (Binds to Kainate Receptors Membranes of Nervous System) 15 Pseudo-nitzschia Amnesiac Shellfish Poisoning

Frustule

Silica (Si. O 2, Silicon Dioxide) 19 • Abundant 18 in Water • Inert to Enzymatic Attack • p. H buffer; maintains Carbonic Anhydrase Activity

Frustule Components

Epivalve, Epicingulum, Hypovalve, Hypocingulum Fig. 12 -16 in Graham and Wilcox 2007

Girdle = Cingulum

Girdle View 22 Valve View 20

Areolae Fig. 12 -19 in Graham and Wilcox 2007

Loculate and Poroid Areolae (and Velum) Fig. 12 -18 in Graham and Wilcox 2007

Striae STRIAE Fig. 12 -20 in Graham and Wilcox 2000

Ocellus: Mucilage Secretion Figs. 12 -21, 12 -22 in Graham and Wilcox 2007

Tubes: Labiate Processes Fig. 12 -14 in Graham and Wilcox 2000

Tubes: Strutted Processes Figs. 12 -14, 12 -23 in Graham and Wilcox 2007

Forms of Extracellular Mucilage Fig. 13. 10 in Lee 1999

Raphe, Central Nodule, Polar Nodules Fig. 13. 1 in Lee 1998 Fig. 13. 3 in Lee 1999 Fig. 12 -25 in Graham and Wilcox 2000

Raphe System Valve View Figs. 12 -24, 12 -26 in Graham and Wilcox 2000 Girdle View

Diatom Structural Diversity: Centric, Araphic Pennate, Raphic Pennate ARAPHIC PENNATE CENTRIC RAPHIC PENNATE

Colonial Diatoms Skeletonema Licmophora Asterionella Tabellaria Chaetoceros

Periphytic Diatoms Gomphonema

Diatom Phylgoeny Fig. 12. 14 in Graham et al. 2008

Chloroplast Origin 34

Diatom Cell Division Fig. 12. 24 in Graham et al. 2008

Centric Sex Fig. 12. 25 in Graham et al. 2008

Pennate Sex Fig. 12. 26 in Graham et al. 2008

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