Stoichiometry Dr Ron Rusay Chemical Stoichiometry Stoichiometry is
![Stoichiometry Dr. Ron Rusay Stoichiometry Dr. Ron Rusay](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-1.jpg)
![Chemical Stoichiometry ð Stoichiometry is the study of mass in chemical reactions. It deals Chemical Stoichiometry ð Stoichiometry is the study of mass in chemical reactions. It deals](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-2.jpg)
![Chemical Reactions Atoms, Mass & Balance: eg. Zn(s) + S(s) Chemical Reactions Atoms, Mass & Balance: eg. Zn(s) + S(s)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-3.jpg)
![Chemical Equation Representation of a chemical reaction: _ C 2 H 5 OH + Chemical Equation Representation of a chemical reaction: _ C 2 H 5 OH +](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-4.jpg)
![Chemical Equation C 2 H 5 OH + 3 O 2 2 CO 2 Chemical Equation C 2 H 5 OH + 3 O 2 2 CO 2](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-5.jpg)
![Chemical Equation All Balanced Equations relate on a molar mass basis. For the combustion Chemical Equation All Balanced Equations relate on a molar mass basis. For the combustion](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-6.jpg)
![QUESTION The fuel in small portable lighters is butane (C 4 H 10). After QUESTION The fuel in small portable lighters is butane (C 4 H 10). After](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-7.jpg)
![ANSWER The fuel in small portable lighters is butane (C 4 H 10). After ANSWER The fuel in small portable lighters is butane (C 4 H 10). After](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-8.jpg)
![The Chemical Equation: Mole & Masses C 2 H 5 OH + 3 O The Chemical Equation: Mole & Masses C 2 H 5 OH + 3 O](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-9.jpg)
![The Chemical Equation: Moles & Masses • C 2 H 5 OH + 3 The Chemical Equation: Moles & Masses • C 2 H 5 OH + 3](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-10.jpg)
![Chemical Stoichiometry Epsom salt (magnesium sulfate heptahydrate) is one of five possible hydrates: mono-, Chemical Stoichiometry Epsom salt (magnesium sulfate heptahydrate) is one of five possible hydrates: mono-,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-11.jpg)
![Mass Calculations All Balanced Equations relate on a molar and mass basis. For the Mass Calculations All Balanced Equations relate on a molar and mass basis. For the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-12.jpg)
![Mass Calculations: Reactants Products Mass Calculations: Reactants Products](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-13.jpg)
![Mass Calculations: Reactants Products 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Balance the chemical equation. Convert Mass Calculations: Reactants Products 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Balance the chemical equation. Convert](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-14.jpg)
![Mass Calculations: Reactants Products Mass Calculations: Reactants Products](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-15.jpg)
![Mass Calculations: Reactants Products • How many grams of salicylic acid are needed to Mass Calculations: Reactants Products • How many grams of salicylic acid are needed to](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-16.jpg)
![Mass Calculations: Reactants Products grams (Aspirin) grams (Salicylic Acid) Avogadro's Number Atoms Molecules Stoichiometry Mass Calculations: Reactants Products grams (Aspirin) grams (Salicylic Acid) Avogadro's Number Atoms Molecules Stoichiometry](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-17.jpg)
![Mass Calculations: How many grams of salicylic acid are needed to produce 1. 80 Mass Calculations: How many grams of salicylic acid are needed to produce 1. 80](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-18.jpg)
![Mass Calculations: Reactants Products Mass Calculations: Reactants Products](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-19.jpg)
![QUESTION The fuel in small portable lighters is butane (C 4 H 10). After QUESTION The fuel in small portable lighters is butane (C 4 H 10). After](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-20.jpg)
![ANSWER D. ) 3. 0 g 1. 0 g C 4 H 10 mol ANSWER D. ) 3. 0 g 1. 0 g C 4 H 10 mol](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-21.jpg)
![Combustion Analysis • Cx. Hy + (x + y/4) O 2 x CO 2 Combustion Analysis • Cx. Hy + (x + y/4) O 2 x CO 2](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-22.jpg)
![Combustion Analysis Calculation Ascorbic Acid ( Vitamin C ) • Combustion of a 6. Combustion Analysis Calculation Ascorbic Acid ( Vitamin C ) • Combustion of a 6.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-23.jpg)
![Vitamin C: Calculation (continued) • C = 2. 65 x 10 -3 g C Vitamin C: Calculation (continued) • C = 2. 65 x 10 -3 g C](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-24.jpg)
![QUESTION Erythrose contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (MM = 120. 0 g/mol). It is QUESTION Erythrose contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (MM = 120. 0 g/mol). It is](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-25.jpg)
![ANSWER Alternative Solution Method Mass ratio of C in CO 2 = D) C ANSWER Alternative Solution Method Mass ratio of C in CO 2 = D) C](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-26.jpg)
![Alternative Method Mass (g) of C = 1. 027 g CO 2 x 0. Alternative Method Mass (g) of C = 1. 027 g CO 2 x 0.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-27.jpg)
- Slides: 27
![Stoichiometry Dr Ron Rusay Stoichiometry Dr. Ron Rusay](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-1.jpg)
Stoichiometry Dr. Ron Rusay
![Chemical Stoichiometry ð Stoichiometry is the study of mass in chemical reactions It deals Chemical Stoichiometry ð Stoichiometry is the study of mass in chemical reactions. It deals](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-2.jpg)
Chemical Stoichiometry ð Stoichiometry is the study of mass in chemical reactions. It deals with both reactants and products. ð It quantitatively and empirically relates the behavior of atoms and molecules in a balanced chemical equation to observable chemical change and measurable mass effects. ð It accounts for mass and the conservation of mass, just as the conservation of atoms in a balanced chemical equation.
![Chemical Reactions Atoms Mass Balance eg Zns Ss Chemical Reactions Atoms, Mass & Balance: eg. Zn(s) + S(s)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-3.jpg)
Chemical Reactions Atoms, Mass & Balance: eg. Zn(s) + S(s)
![Chemical Equation Representation of a chemical reaction C 2 H 5 OH Chemical Equation Representation of a chemical reaction: _ C 2 H 5 OH +](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-4.jpg)
Chemical Equation Representation of a chemical reaction: _ C 2 H 5 OH + _ O 2 _ CO 2 + _ H 2 O Reactants Products • C=2; H =5+1=6; O=2+1 • C=1; H=2; O=2+1 1 C 2 H 5 OH + 3 O 2 2 CO 2 + 3 H 2 O
![Chemical Equation C 2 H 5 OH 3 O 2 2 CO 2 Chemical Equation C 2 H 5 OH + 3 O 2 2 CO 2](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-5.jpg)
Chemical Equation C 2 H 5 OH + 3 O 2 2 CO 2 + 3 H 2 O The balanced equation can be completely stated as: ð 1 mole of ethanol reacts with 3 moles of oxygen to produce 2 moles of carbon dioxide and 3 moles of water.
![Chemical Equation All Balanced Equations relate on a molar mass basis For the combustion Chemical Equation All Balanced Equations relate on a molar mass basis. For the combustion](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-6.jpg)
Chemical Equation All Balanced Equations relate on a molar mass basis. For the combustion of octane: 2 C 8 H 18(l)+ 25 O 2(g) 16 CO 2(g) +18 H 2 O(l) • moles of octane react with 25 moles of oxygen to produce 16 moles of carbon dioxide and 18 moles of water.
![QUESTION The fuel in small portable lighters is butane C 4 H 10 After QUESTION The fuel in small portable lighters is butane (C 4 H 10). After](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-7.jpg)
QUESTION The fuel in small portable lighters is butane (C 4 H 10). After using a lighter for a few minutes, 1. 0 gram of fuel was used. How many moles of carbon dioxide would it produce? • • 58 moles 0. 017 moles 1. 7 10– 24 moles 0. 068 moles
![ANSWER The fuel in small portable lighters is butane C 4 H 10 After ANSWER The fuel in small portable lighters is butane (C 4 H 10). After](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-8.jpg)
ANSWER The fuel in small portable lighters is butane (C 4 H 10). After using a lighter for a few minutes, 1. 0 gram of fuel was used. How many moles of carbon dioxide would it produce? A. B. C. D. 58 moles 0. 017 moles 1. 7 10– 24 moles 0. 068 moles The molar mass of butane: 4 12 g/mol = 48 for carbon + 10 1 g/mol = 10. 0 for hydrogen. Total = 48. 0 + 10. 0 = 58. 0 g/mol. Next; 1. 0 gram of butane 1 mol/58. 0 g = 0. 017 mol
![The Chemical Equation Mole Masses C 2 H 5 OH 3 O The Chemical Equation: Mole & Masses C 2 H 5 OH + 3 O](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-9.jpg)
The Chemical Equation: Mole & Masses C 2 H 5 OH + 3 O 2 2 CO 2 + 3 H 2 O ð 46 g (1 mole) of ethanol reacts with 3 moles of oxygen (96 g) to produce 2 moles of carbon dioxide and 3 moles of water. ð How many grams of carbon dioxide and water are respectively produced from 46 g (1 mole) of ethanol ? 2 mol x 44 g/mol = 88 g 3 mol x 18 g/mol = 54 g
![The Chemical Equation Moles Masses C 2 H 5 OH 3 The Chemical Equation: Moles & Masses • C 2 H 5 OH + 3](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-10.jpg)
The Chemical Equation: Moles & Masses • C 2 H 5 OH + 3 O 2 2 CO 2 + 3 H 2 O ð How many grams of oxygen are needed to react with 15. 3 g of ethanol in a 12 oz. beer ? 15. 3 gethanol x molethanol /46. 0 gethanol = 0. 333 molethanol x 3 moloxygen / 1 molethanol = 0. 999 moloxygen 32. 0 goxygen /moloxygen x 0. 999 moloxygen = 32. 0 goxygen NOTE: It takes approximately 1 hour for the biologically equivalent amount of oxygen available from cytochrome p 450 to consume the alcohol in a human in 1 beer to a level below the legal limit of 0. 08%.
![Chemical Stoichiometry Epsom salt magnesium sulfate heptahydrate is one of five possible hydrates mono Chemical Stoichiometry Epsom salt (magnesium sulfate heptahydrate) is one of five possible hydrates: mono-,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-11.jpg)
Chemical Stoichiometry Epsom salt (magnesium sulfate heptahydrate) is one of five possible hydrates: mono-, di-, tri-, hexa-, or hepta- hydrate. ð How can stoichiometry be used to determine, which hydrate is present in a pure unknown sample, by heating the sample in a kitchen oven at 400 o C for 45 minutes? ð Mg. SO 4. x H 2 O(s) Mg. SO 4 (s) + x H 2 O (g)
![Mass Calculations All Balanced Equations relate on a molar and mass basis For the Mass Calculations All Balanced Equations relate on a molar and mass basis. For the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-12.jpg)
Mass Calculations All Balanced Equations relate on a molar and mass basis. For the combustion of octane: 2 C 8 H 18(l)+ 25 O 2(g) 16 CO 2(g) +18 H 2 O(l) 228 g of octane (2 moles)* will react with 800 g of oxygen (25 moles) to produce (16 moles) 704 g of carbon dioxide and (18 moles) 324 g of water. *(2 moles octane x 114 g/mol = 228 g )
![Mass Calculations Reactants Products Mass Calculations: Reactants Products](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-13.jpg)
Mass Calculations: Reactants Products
![Mass Calculations Reactants Products 1 2 3 4 5 Balance the chemical equation Convert Mass Calculations: Reactants Products 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Balance the chemical equation. Convert](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-14.jpg)
Mass Calculations: Reactants Products 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Balance the chemical equation. Convert mass of reactant or product to moles. Identify mole ratios in balanced equation: They serve as the “Gatekeeper”. Calculate moles of desired product or reactant. Convert moles to grams.
![Mass Calculations Reactants Products Mass Calculations: Reactants Products](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-15.jpg)
Mass Calculations: Reactants Products
![Mass Calculations Reactants Products How many grams of salicylic acid are needed to Mass Calculations: Reactants Products • How many grams of salicylic acid are needed to](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-16.jpg)
Mass Calculations: Reactants Products • How many grams of salicylic acid are needed to produce 1. 80 kg of aspirin? • Balanced Equation:
![Mass Calculations Reactants Products grams Aspirin grams Salicylic Acid Avogadros Number Atoms Molecules Stoichiometry Mass Calculations: Reactants Products grams (Aspirin) grams (Salicylic Acid) Avogadro's Number Atoms Molecules Stoichiometry](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-17.jpg)
Mass Calculations: Reactants Products grams (Aspirin) grams (Salicylic Acid) Avogadro's Number Atoms Molecules Stoichiometry grams (SA) 1800 grams (A) 1 mol SA grams (A) 1 mol A (Molecular Weight A) "Gatekeeper" (Molecular Weight SA) ? (SA) 1 mol (SA)
![Mass Calculations How many grams of salicylic acid are needed to produce 1 80 Mass Calculations: How many grams of salicylic acid are needed to produce 1. 80](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-18.jpg)
Mass Calculations: How many grams of salicylic acid are needed to produce 1. 80 kg of aspirin? • Balanced Equation: 1 1 ? g C 7 = 1. 80 x 103 g. C 9 x [mol. C 9 /180. 15 g. C 9 ] x [1 mol. C 7/ 1 mol. C 9] x 138. 12 g. C 7/mol. C 7 ? g C 7 = 1380 grams
![Mass Calculations Reactants Products Mass Calculations: Reactants Products](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-19.jpg)
Mass Calculations: Reactants Products
![QUESTION The fuel in small portable lighters is butane C 4 H 10 After QUESTION The fuel in small portable lighters is butane (C 4 H 10). After](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-20.jpg)
QUESTION The fuel in small portable lighters is butane (C 4 H 10). After using a lighter for a few minutes, 1. 0 gram (0. 017 moles) of fuel was used. How many grams of carbon dioxide would it produce? How many grams of carbon dioxide would this produce? A. ) 750 mg B. ) 6. 0 g C) 1. 5 g D. ) 3. 0 g
![ANSWER D 3 0 g 1 0 g C 4 H 10 mol ANSWER D. ) 3. 0 g 1. 0 g C 4 H 10 mol](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-21.jpg)
ANSWER D. ) 3. 0 g 1. 0 g C 4 H 10 mol C 4 H 10 1. 0 g 8 mol CO 2 2 mol C 4 H 10 58 g C 4 H 10 ? g CO 2 44 g CO 2 mol CO 2 3. 0 g CO 2 ? g CO 2
![Combustion Analysis Cx Hy x y4 O 2 x CO 2 Combustion Analysis • Cx. Hy + (x + y/4) O 2 x CO 2](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-22.jpg)
Combustion Analysis • Cx. Hy + (x + y/4) O 2 x CO 2 + y/2 H 2 O Molecules with oxygen in their formula are more difficult to solve for Oz knowing only the respective masses of Cx. Hy. Oz sample, CO 2 and H 2 O. • Cx. Hy. Oz + (x + y/4 - z) O 2 x CO 2 + y/2 H 2 O SEE: COMPARISON to wt % CALCULATIONS
![Combustion Analysis Calculation Ascorbic Acid Vitamin C Combustion of a 6 Combustion Analysis Calculation Ascorbic Acid ( Vitamin C ) • Combustion of a 6.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-23.jpg)
Combustion Analysis Calculation Ascorbic Acid ( Vitamin C ) • Combustion of a 6. 49 mg sample in excess oxygen, yielded 9. 74 mg CO 2 and 2. 64 mg H 2 O • Calculate it’s Empirical formula! • C: 9. 74 x 10 -3 g CO 2 x(12. 01 g C/44. 01 g CO 2) = 2. 65 x 10 -3 g C • H: 2. 64 x 10 -3 g H 2 O x (2. 016 g H 2/18. 02 g. H 2 O) = 2. 92 x 10 -4 g H • Mass Oxygen = 6. 49 mg - 2. 65 mg - 0. 30 mg = 3. 54 mg O
![Vitamin C Calculation continued C 2 65 x 10 3 g C Vitamin C: Calculation (continued) • C = 2. 65 x 10 -3 g C](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-24.jpg)
Vitamin C: Calculation (continued) • C = 2. 65 x 10 -3 g C / ( 12. 01 g C / mol C ) = = 2. 21 x 10 -4 mol C • H = 0. 295 x 10 -3 g H / ( 1. 008 g H / mol H ) = = 2. 92 x 10 -4 mol H • O = 3. 54 x 10 -3 g O / ( 16. 00 g O / mol O ) = = 2. 21 x 10 -4 mol O • Divide each by 2. 21 x 10 -4 • C = 1. 00 Multiply each by 3 = 3. 00 = 3. 0 • H = 1. 32 = 3. 96 = 4. 0 • O = 1. 00 = 3. 0 C 3 H 4 O 3
![QUESTION Erythrose contains carbon hydrogen and oxygen MM 120 0 gmol It is QUESTION Erythrose contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (MM = 120. 0 g/mol). It is](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-25.jpg)
QUESTION Erythrose contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (MM = 120. 0 g/mol). It is an important sugar that is used in many chemical syntheses. Combustion analysis of a 700. 0 mg sample yielded 1. 027 g CO 2 and 0. 4194 g H 2 O. Mass Spectrometry produced a molecular ion @ 120 mass units (m/z). What is the molecular formula of erythrose? A) B) C) D) CH 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 C 3 H 6 O 3 C 4 H 8 O 4
![ANSWER Alternative Solution Method Mass ratio of C in CO 2 D C ANSWER Alternative Solution Method Mass ratio of C in CO 2 = D) C](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-26.jpg)
ANSWER Alternative Solution Method Mass ratio of C in CO 2 = D) C 4 H 8 O 4 mol C x M of C = mass of 1 mol CO 2 = 1 mol C x 12. 01 g C/ 1 mol C = 44. 01 g CO 2 0. 2729 g C / 1 g CO 2 mol H x M of H = mass of 1 mol H 2 O 2 mol H x 1. 008 g H / 1 mol H = = 0. 1119 g H / 1 g H 2 O 18. 02 g H 2 O Mass ratio of H in H 2 O = Calculating masses of C and H: Mass of Element = mass of compound x mass ratio of element
![Alternative Method Mass g of C 1 027 g CO 2 x 0 Alternative Method Mass (g) of C = 1. 027 g CO 2 x 0.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/ac06e88a0f4c9c38dfb6b61be442452a/image-27.jpg)
Alternative Method Mass (g) of C = 1. 027 g CO 2 x 0. 2729 g C 1 g CO 2 = 0. 2803 g C 0. 1119 g H Mass (g) of H = 0. 4194 g H 2 O x = 0. 04693 g H 1 g H 2 O Calculating the mass of O: Mass (g) of O = Sample mass -( mass of C + mass of H ) = 0. 700 g - 0. 2803 g C - 0. 04693 g H = 0. 37277 g O Calculating moles of each element: C = 0. 2803 g C / 12. 01 g C/ mol C = 0. 02334 mol C H = 0. 04693 g H / 1. 008 g H / mol H = 0. 04656 mol H O = 0. 37277 g O / 16. 00 g O / mol O = 0. 02330 mol O C 0. 02334 H 0. 04656 O 0. 02330 = CH 2 O formula weight = 30 g / formula 120 g /mol / 30 g / formula = 4 formula units / cmpd = C 4 H 8 O 4
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