Steven Dodd Christian Kreitz Lauren Landers Kelsey Panter

Selective Attention • We usually focus our attention on one or a few tasks

Selective Attention • How do psychologists study how people process information they do not

Selective Attention: Filter Theories of Attention • Bottleneck Theories – Broadbent (1958) – Moray

Selective Attention: Filter Theories of Attention • Spotlight Approaches

Selective Attention: Filter Theories of Attention • Schema Theory – Neisser (1976) • Inattentional

What areas are active during attention? • Parietal lobe • Sensory neglect (damage to

What areas are active during attention? • Frontal Lobe – Ability to select motor

Networks of Visual Attention • Operational Network – Used when a person already has

Other Networks • A separate network located in the frontal, parietal, and subcortical lobes

How attention operates • Attention consists of several processes that operate independently • ADHD

• Stroop https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=xrow. WGi 20 b. M • Selective

The Stroop Task • When the ink color and word don’t match, participants find

AUTOMATIC VERSUS ATTENTIONAL (CONTROLLED) PROCESSING • Posner and Snyder (1975) – Automatic processing: (1)

FEATURE INTEGRATION THEORY • Developed by Treisman • We perceive objects in two distinct

ATTENTIONAL CAPTURE • “Pop-out” phenomena in which certain stimuli seem to jump off the

Dual-Task Performance • Alternating – Noticeable lag • Automatic – Clearly aware of the

The Attention Hypothesis of Automatization • Attention is needed during the practice phase of

Divided Attention Outside The Lab • Cell phone usage while driving – Radio usage

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Steven Dodd, Christian Kreitz, Lauren Landers, Kelsey Panter

Selective Attention • We usually focus our attention on one or a few tasks or events rather than many • “At any given moments, [people’s] awareness encompasses only a tiny proportion of the stimuli impinging on their sensory systems”. Hall Pashler (1998)

Selective Attention • How do psychologists study how people process information they do not attend to? • Dichotic listening task

Selective Attention: Filter Theories of Attention • Bottleneck Theories – Broadbent (1958) – Moray (1959) – Treisman (1960) – Wood and Cowan (1995)

Selective Attention: Filter Theories of Attention • Spotlight Approaches

Selective Attention: Filter Theories of Attention • Schema Theory – Neisser (1976) • Inattentional Blindness – Example: Door video – https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=FWSx. SQsspi Q

What areas are active during attention? • Parietal lobe • Sensory neglect (damage to PL) – Ignore sensory information located in visual field opposite the damaged hemisphere

What areas are active during attention? • Frontal Lobe – Ability to select motor response – Develop plans

Networks of Visual Attention • Operational Network – Used when a person already has decided what to focus on – Ensures to-be-focused-upon stimulus receives the cognitive processing it needs – Distributed across frontal and parietal lobes

Other Networks • A separate network located in the frontal, parietal, and subcortical lobes controls attention • When you look at a board in the front of the class, you redirect your attention to a new stimulus • Brain areas appear also appear to be located in certain regions of the temporal lobe (Karnath, 2009)

How attention operates • Attention consists of several processes that operate independently • ADHD Study (Barkley, 1998) – Can be alert and devote mental resources to a task – Inability to inhibit an outgoing response • (talking while doing homework)

• Stroop https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=xrow. WGi 20 b. M • Selective attention https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=ub. NF 9 QNEQLA • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=l. Hd_L 7 dg 3 U 4 • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=FWSx. SQsspi. Q • Inattentional blindness https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=v. JG 698 U 2 Mvo

The Stroop Task • When the ink color and word don’t match, participants find it difficult • Reading happens rapidly and easily for adults • Automatic • Stroop interference • Affects 2 nd-3 rd graders- age 60

AUTOMATIC VERSUS ATTENTIONAL (CONTROLLED) PROCESSING • Posner and Snyder (1975) – Automatic processing: (1) it must occur without intention (2) it must occur without involving conscious awareness (3) it must not interfere with other mental activity • Schneider and Shiffrin (1977) – Visual search task – Automatic processing: used for easy tasks and with familiar items; operates in parallel with other processes and does not strain capacity limitations – Controlled Processing: used for difficult tasks and ones that involve unfamiliar processes; usually operates serially (one set of info at a time), requires attention, is capacity limited, and is under conscious control.

FEATURE INTEGRATION THEORY • Developed by Treisman • We perceive objects in two distinct stages. – (1) preattentive, or automatic; we register features of objects (color or shape) – (2) attention allows us to “glue” the features together into a unified object • Illusory conjunctions: integration errors caused by “overload”

ATTENTIONAL CAPTURE • “Pop-out” phenomena in which certain stimuli seem to jump off the page or screen at the viewer, demanding attention • Theeuwes, Kramer, Hahn, and Irwin (1998) • Fukuda and Vogel (2011)

Dual-Task Performance • Alternating – Noticeable lag • Automatic – Clearly aware of the words being dictated • Combination – Generally accepted

The Attention Hypothesis of Automatization • Attention is needed during the practice phase of a task and determines what gets learned during practice • Attention affects what gets encoded • Consistency

Divided Attention Outside The Lab • Cell phone usage while driving – Radio usage – Cell phone usage • Passenger in the car