Sternum 1 incisura jugularis 2 incisura clavicularis 3

�Sternum. 1 -incisura jugularis; 2 -incisura clavicularis; 3 -incisura costalis I; 4 angulus sterni; 5 -incisura costalis II; 6 -incisura costalis III; 7 -incisura costalis IV; 8 -incisura costalis V; 9 incisura costalis VI; 10 -incisura costalis VII; 11 -processus xiphoideus; 12 -софи 5 sterni; 13 -manubrium sterni.

� Costae. A-costa (I) prima; Вcosta II; B-costa VIII A. 1 -caput costae; 2 -collum costae; 3 -tuberculum costae; 4 -sulcus arteriae subclaviae; 5 -tuberculum musculi scaleni anterioris; 6 sulcus venae subclaviae. В. 1 -caput costae; 2 -collum costae; 3 -tuberculum costae. B. 1 -caput costae; 2 -facies articularis capitis costae; 3 -crista capitis costae; 5 -corpus costae; 6 pars sternalis costae.

CLAVICULA. A: 1 -facies articularis acromialis; 2 -extremitas acromialis; 3 -tubercu-lum conoideum; 4 -corpus claviculae; 5 -extremitas sternalis; 6 -impres-sio lig. costoclavicularis Б; 1 -extremitas acromialis; 2 -tuberculum conoideum; 3 -extremitas sternalis; 4 -facies articularis sternalis.

One of the essential tasks of the two upper extremities in man is to support grasping and touching. The basis for these activities is an extensive mobility of the upper limb, giving the hand as much room to move as possible. The upper extremity includes the shoulder girdle and the free upper limb.

�l-angulus superior; 2 -margo superior; 3 -fossa supraspinata; 4 -spina scapulae; 5 processus coracoideus; 6 acromion; 7 -angulus acromii; 8 -cavitas gle-noidalis (angulus lateralis); 9 -collum scapulae; 10 -fossa infraspinata; I lmargo lateralis; 12 -angulus inferior; 13 -margo medialis.

The shoulder girdle includes the clavicle and the shoulder blade (scapula). It forms the base for the upper extremity and, contrary to the pelvic girdle, is not firmly anchored to the trunk. It is linked to the trunk by a joint, the sternoclavicular joint , which, by virtue of its range of motion, functionally represents a ball-and-socket joint. The scapula is guided along the thorax by a muscular sling. The clavicle is an S-shaped bone connecting the sternum with the scapula. It is attached to the trunk by strong ligaments to the 1 st rib, the sternum and the coracoid process. The clavicle is joined to the scapula by the acromioclavicular joint. The scapula is a triangular flat bone with a shallow facet (glenoid cavity) for the shoulder joint at its upper lateral end. The posterior surface features the spine, which runs obliquely upward, and the outer end bears the acromion process, which can easily be palpated externally. The acromion, the coracoid process, and the strong ligament connecting them (coracoacromial ligament) form a roof over the shoulder joint (fornix humeri). The axillary and vertebral borders (margo lateralis and margo medialis) of the scapula meet at the inferior angle of the scapula. The scapula is moved on the trunk by a muscular sling. The muscles of the shoulder girdle include the trapezius, the serratus anterior, the levator scapulae, and the major and minor rhomboid muscles.