Steps in the Risk Management Process Risk Assessment

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Steps in the Risk Management Process Risk Assessment Develop Objectives And Goals Develop and

Steps in the Risk Management Process Risk Assessment Develop Objectives And Goals Develop and Screen Cleanup Alternatives Determine Site Reuse Objective Test Determine Available Resources Legal Test Select Final Cleanup Alternative Communicate Decisions to the Public Implement Selected Cleanup Alternative Identify Technologies Determine Cleanup Standards Implementability Identify Technical Process Options Risk/Benefit Analysis Policy Issues Cost Effectiveness Cost/Benefit Analysis Cost Effective Analysis 1

Session Objectives Understand the methods used by a risk manager to set up clean-up

Session Objectives Understand the methods used by a risk manager to set up clean-up goals and objectives. ¡ Understand how site redevelopment and available resources impact a projects’ clean-up goals. ¡ Understand how environmental policy may impact goals and objectives. ¡

Clean-up Goals and Objectives Defined Clean-up goal: cleanup levels that are expected to be

Clean-up Goals and Objectives Defined Clean-up goal: cleanup levels that are expected to be achieved. ¡ Clean-up objective: provides a description of what the cleanup will accomplish. ¡

Clean-up Objectives Provide media specific objectives. ¡ Form the basis for development of cleanup

Clean-up Objectives Provide media specific objectives. ¡ Form the basis for development of cleanup options. ¡ Should not be too restrictive so as to limit alternative development. ¡ Specify acceptable cleanup concentrations for each contaminant of concern, medium, and route of exposure. ¡

Clean-up Objectives Reexamined prior to cleanup alternative development. ¡ Address all risks during all

Clean-up Objectives Reexamined prior to cleanup alternative development. ¡ Address all risks during all phases of cleanup action. ¡ May change if site conditions change. ¡ May change if site technical or nontechnical information changes. ¡

Example of a Clean-up Objective Prevent ingestion of or direct contact with soil contaminated

Example of a Clean-up Objective Prevent ingestion of or direct contact with soil contaminated with lead at levels above 500 parts per million by on-site workers and visitors in t he wood treatment and storage area. ¡ Prevent migration of lead that would result in groundwater contamination in excess of 50 parts per billion for lead. ¡

Factors to Consider When Developing Clean-up Goals Environmental policies ¡ Site reuse and its

Factors to Consider When Developing Clean-up Goals Environmental policies ¡ Site reuse and its possible impacts ¡ Economics ¡ Other factors (politics, public perception, legal considerations) ¡

Environmental Policy Defined ¡ Policy is a broad course of action, guiding principles, or

Environmental Policy Defined ¡ Policy is a broad course of action, guiding principles, or procedure, considered to be expedient, prudent, or advantageous.

Impact of Site Reuse May affect the level of cleanup at a site. ¡

Impact of Site Reuse May affect the level of cleanup at a site. ¡ May affect the selection of a cleanup option or alternative. ¡ May affect the selection of a cleanup technology. ¡

Economics ¡ Availability of Funding: l Available cleanup funds may limit the scope of

Economics ¡ Availability of Funding: l Available cleanup funds may limit the scope of site cleanup. Impact of the potential cleanup option on the local economy. ¡ Impact of the selected cleanup option on the national economy. ¡ The intrinsic value of a resource. ¡

Other Factors to Consider ¡ Technical factors. l l l ¡ Availability Feasibility Implementability

Other Factors to Consider ¡ Technical factors. l l l ¡ Availability Feasibility Implementability Non-technical factors: l l Politics Legal issues Public perception Society's values

Session Summary Develop initial cleanup goals and objectives ¡ Revise cleanup goals and objectives

Session Summary Develop initial cleanup goals and objectives ¡ Revise cleanup goals and objectives ¡ Consider technical factors ¡ Consider non-technical factors ¡

Steps in the Risk Management Process Risk Assessment Develop Objectives And Goals Develop and

Steps in the Risk Management Process Risk Assessment Develop Objectives And Goals Develop and Screen Cleanup Alternatives Determine Site Reuse Objective Test Determine Available Resources Legal Test Select Final Cleanup Alternative Communicate Decisions to the Public Implement Selected Cleanup Alternative Identify Technologies Determine Cleanup Standards Implementability Identify Technical Process Options Risk/Benefit Analysis Policy Issues Cost Effectiveness Cost/Benefit Analysis Cost Effective Analysis 13

Session Objectives Understand how clean-up alternatives are developed ¡ Understand how clean-up alternatives are

Session Objectives Understand how clean-up alternatives are developed ¡ Understand how clean-up alternatives are screened ¡ Understand how a clean-up alternative is selected ¡

Selection of Clean-up Alternatives

Selection of Clean-up Alternatives

Examples of General Clean-up Alternatives Treatment ¡ Engineering Controls ¡ Collection and Discharge ¡

Examples of General Clean-up Alternatives Treatment ¡ Engineering Controls ¡ Collection and Discharge ¡ Institutional Controls ¡ No Action ¡

Selection of Clean-up Alternatives

Selection of Clean-up Alternatives

Technology Alternatives: Elements to Evaluate Site specific data ¡ Technical information ¡ A technology

Technology Alternatives: Elements to Evaluate Site specific data ¡ Technical information ¡ A technology type needs to be identified for each general cleanup alternative ¡

Clean-up Alternative Technology Selection ¡ Technical Factors to Be Considered l l l Availability

Clean-up Alternative Technology Selection ¡ Technical Factors to Be Considered l l l Availability Feasibility Implementability

Clean-up Alternative Technical Information ¡ Risk Reduction Data l Impact of remedy on risk

Clean-up Alternative Technical Information ¡ Risk Reduction Data l Impact of remedy on risk Short-term ¡ Long-term (performance) ¡

Selection of Clean-up Alternatives

Selection of Clean-up Alternatives

Identification of Technology Process Options Identify the types of technologies that may be appropriate

Identification of Technology Process Options Identify the types of technologies that may be appropriate for a remedial alternative. ¡ Define specific process for each technology type. ¡ Identify representative examples of process options within a technology. ¡

Example of Screening Criteria Implementability ¡ Effectiveness ¡ Economic ¡ Political Issues ¡ Public

Example of Screening Criteria Implementability ¡ Effectiveness ¡ Economic ¡ Political Issues ¡ Public Concern Issues ¡ Benefit Analysis ¡

Implementability Technically and Administratively Feasible ¡ Reliability, complexity, resources, etc. ¡ Technology is appropriate

Implementability Technically and Administratively Feasible ¡ Reliability, complexity, resources, etc. ¡ Technology is appropriate for site location ¡

Effectiveness Meets goals and objectives? ¡ Risks to receptors during implementation or construction of

Effectiveness Meets goals and objectives? ¡ Risks to receptors during implementation or construction of the technology? ¡ Reliability (track record)? ¡

Economic Issues ¡ Cost to implement l l l ¡ Direct Capital Indirect Capital

Economic Issues ¡ Cost to implement l l l ¡ Direct Capital Indirect Capital Operation and Maintenance Returning site to economic reuse

Political Issues Objections to certain technologies ¡ Incentives for certain technologies ¡ Concern about

Political Issues Objections to certain technologies ¡ Incentives for certain technologies ¡ Concern about cost and cost effectiveness ¡

Public Concern Issues ¡ Impact on community l l l l Noise Traffic Hazards

Public Concern Issues ¡ Impact on community l l l l Noise Traffic Hazards Emissions Property values Time (how long will clean-up last? ) Future of the site (redevelopment)

Benefit Analysis ¡ Benefit analysis involves the comparison of: l l l Effects on

Benefit Analysis ¡ Benefit analysis involves the comparison of: l l l Effects on Environmental Protection Costs Measure of Confidence

Types of Benefit Analysis Risk Benefit Analysis ¡ Cost-Effectiveness Analysis ¡

Types of Benefit Analysis Risk Benefit Analysis ¡ Cost-Effectiveness Analysis ¡

Evaluating Intangibles ¡ Consider Intangibles Subjectively l Such as: Preservation of Wilderness ¡ Quality

Evaluating Intangibles ¡ Consider Intangibles Subjectively l Such as: Preservation of Wilderness ¡ Quality of Life ¡

Choosing an Option Calculate cost per unit of benefit ¡ Factor in the intangibles

Choosing an Option Calculate cost per unit of benefit ¡ Factor in the intangibles ¡ Consider the overall affordability ¡ Cost/Benefit = Cost of Clean-up Alternative Benefits

Example of Option Selection ¡ Option 1: Groundwater Extraction with Off -site Treatment to

Example of Option Selection ¡ Option 1: Groundwater Extraction with Off -site Treatment to Contain Pollution from Facility l l Cost Per Unit Benefit: ¡ 1 acre of wetland saved for every $1, 000 spent. Intangibles: ¡ Public acceptance, ¡ Wildlife Preserved, ¡ Localized depletion of groundwater resources leading to less water available for residential/industrial use nearby.

Example of Option Selection ¡ Option 2: Insitu Soilwashing and Groundwater Bioremediation l l

Example of Option Selection ¡ Option 2: Insitu Soilwashing and Groundwater Bioremediation l l l Cost Per Unit Benefit: ¡ 2 acres of wetlands saved for every $1, 000 spent Intangibles: ¡ Public unsure of long-term affects and success of remedy ¡ Timeframe for cleanup of groundwater is long - greater than 10 years. Overall Affordability: ¡ Within the cost of available funding

Example of Option Selection ¡ Option 3: Placement of a Contaminant Barrier (slurry wall)

Example of Option Selection ¡ Option 3: Placement of a Contaminant Barrier (slurry wall) l l Cost per unit benefit: ¡ 4 acres of wetlands saved for every $1, 000 spent. Intangibles: ¡ Public uncertainty over effectiveness, ¡ Time frame for remediation is less short. ¡ Long-term effectiveness (greater than 15 to 20 years) is unknown

Cost Effectiveness Analysis

Cost Effectiveness Analysis

How to Measure Effectiveness Reduction in Toxicity ¡ Reduction in Volume ¡ Reduction in

How to Measure Effectiveness Reduction in Toxicity ¡ Reduction in Volume ¡ Reduction in Mobility ¡

Asymptotic Curve ¡ Diminishing returns (risk reduction) on the investment (money) over time

Asymptotic Curve ¡ Diminishing returns (risk reduction) on the investment (money) over time

Calculating Costs and Effectiveness ¡ A simple cost-effectiveness comparison might look like this: Option

Calculating Costs and Effectiveness ¡ A simple cost-effectiveness comparison might look like this: Option 1 is the most cost effective; however, in the scenario, 12. 5 additional miles of river could be cleaned-up for only $9, 000, which might be selected based on policy goals.

Session Summary ¡ Alternative Screening l l ¡ Risk Benefit Analysis Cost Effectiveness Analysis

Session Summary ¡ Alternative Screening l l ¡ Risk Benefit Analysis Cost Effectiveness Analysis Selection of pre-final clean-up alternative Alternative Selection

Steps in the Risk Management Process Risk Assessment Develop Objectives And Goals Develop and

Steps in the Risk Management Process Risk Assessment Develop Objectives And Goals Develop and Screen Cleanup Alternatives Determine Site Reuse Objective Test Determine Available Resources Determine Cleanup Standards Select Final Cleanup Alternative Communicate Decisions to the Public Implement Selected Cleanup Alternative Legal Test Identify Technologies Implementability Identify Technical Process Options Risk/Benefit Analysis Cost Effectiveness Cost/Benefit Analysis Cost Effective Analysis 41

Session Objectives Familiarity of and utilization with the procedures to select a remedial option.

Session Objectives Familiarity of and utilization with the procedures to select a remedial option. ¡ Understanding of the importance of communicating the selected remedy to the public. ¡

Selecting the Remedy ¡ Questions to consider: l l Will a clean-up alternative meet

Selecting the Remedy ¡ Questions to consider: l l Will a clean-up alternative meet risk management objectives? Is the remedy legal? Is the remedy technically and administratively implementable? Will the remedy be effective over time?

Selecting the Remedy (continued) ¡ Questions to consider: l l Will the clean-up cause

Selecting the Remedy (continued) ¡ Questions to consider: l l Will the clean-up cause more harm then good? What is the opinion of the public and other stakeholders? Is the remedy cost-effective? Are resources available to design and implement the remedy?

Documenting the Decision ¡ Purpose of Decision l l Public awareness and input Engineering

Documenting the Decision ¡ Purpose of Decision l l Public awareness and input Engineering use Legal record Decision record

Session Summary ¡ Risk Management Decision Process l l l Evaluation of Clean-up Alternatives

Session Summary ¡ Risk Management Decision Process l l l Evaluation of Clean-up Alternatives Selection of Final Site Remedy Documentation to the Public