Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Zach Scheiner Ph
- Slides: 34
Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Zach Scheiner, Ph. D Science Officer
What are stem cells? What are the different types of stem cells? Why should we study stem cells? What potential therapies could they provide? What are some of the challenges facing stem cell research?
All Stem Cells Can… 1. Self-Renew 2. Differentiate
Self-Renewal (symmetric cell division)
Differentiation (asymmetric cell division) Progenitor cell Stem cell
Embryonic Stem Cell Skin Cell Neuron (Brain Cell) Skin Progenitor Cell Neural Progenitor Cell
Stem Cell Types • Embryonic – pluripotent: can form almost any cell type in the human body • Tissue-Specific (Adult) – multipotent: can form only limited types of cells (blood, brain, liver, etc. ) • Induced Pluripotent – engineered by scientists to act like embryonic stem cells
In Conception Vitro Fertilization in a Dish
In Vitro Fertilization Day 1
In Vitro Development Day 1
In Vitro Development Day 2
In Vitro Development Day 2
In Vitro Development Day 3
In Vitro Development Day 4
In Vitro Development Day 5 Embryonic Stem Cells
This cell can form all of the cells in the human body This cell can form almost every cell type in the human body Totipotent Pluripotent Fully mature
Human embryonic stem cells in culture
Fluorescent imaging of human embryonic stem cell colonies
What Diseases Do Stem Cells Treat? Have the Potential to Treat? Currently Treat Potential to Treat - Blood Diseases (including immune system disorders) - Genetic metabolic disorders (very limited/experimental) - Tissue/organ replacement (very limited/experimental) - Heart Disease - Neurological Diseases (Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s & others) - Stroke - Type 1 Diabetes - Macular Degeneration (a common cause of blindness) …and more! - Cancer - HIV/AIDS - Spinal Cord Injury - Multiple Sclerosis - ALS (Lou Gehrig’s Disease) - Liver Disease
Bone Marrow (Hematopoietic Stem Cell) Transplant Example of a tissue-specific stem cell therapy
Trachea transplantation Example of tissue-specific stem cell-based tissue replacement Click on Picture to Play Video
Tissue-specific (adult) stem cells are powerful and promising! Why do researchers study embryonic stem cells? • Tissue-specific stem cells are limited in their differentiation potential (blood blood) • Stem cells from some tissues are inaccessible • Some tissue-specific stem cells don’t self-renew well • Some tissues may not have stem cells!
Embryonic Stem-Cell Derived Heart Muscle Cells Click on Pictures to Play Videos
Applications for Embryonic Stem Cells Video: Diabetes A CIRM Disease Team Video: Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) A CIRM Disease Team
Video: CIRM Disease Team for Type 1 Diabetes
Video: CIRM Disease Team for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) – Eye Disease
What are some of the challenges facing embryonic stem cell research? • Differentiation of stem cells into mature, functional cells • Potential for tumor formation • Immune rejection
Induced Pluripotent Stem (i. PS) Cells Genetically engineering new stem cells Virus engineered to express four key “pluripotency” genes Pros: No embryos required No immune rejection? Disease in a dish? Skin cells Cons: May not be = to ESCs Genetically engineered i. PS cells
Video: Parkinson’s“disease-in-a-dish”
Acknowledgements - Todd Dubnicoff - Amy Adams - Laurel Barchas www. cirm. ca. gov
Extra Slides
Neural stem cells for drug delivery Focused delivery of chemotherapy for cancer Day 0 Day 7 Day 14 NSCs injected (no tumor) NSCs injected (tumor) Shah et al. Dev Neurosci 2004
Stem cells for drug delivery Focused delivery of chemotherapy for cancer Another CIRM Disease Team Genetically Engineered Neural Stem Cells Mice are given a nontoxic drug, which the neural stem cells can convert to an active drug to shrink tumors!
Milestones in Embryonic Development • Days 7 -14: Embryo implants in the uterus • Day 14: Three distinct layers begin to form (no more embryonic stem cells) • Days 14 -21: Beginning of future nervous system • Days 21 -24: Beginning of future head, neck, mouth, and nose • Weeks 3 -8: Beginning of organ formation • Week 8: Embryo is called a fetus
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