Steering Suspension Systems Rack Pinion Parallelogram Parallelogram steering

Parallelogram steering �Used on older cars �Mostly used on trucks and SUV’s today �Parts

Rack and Pinion Steering • Used on most newer cars • Parts of a

Power Steering • Uses hydraulic pressures to make steering easier • Parts of system

Suspension Systems • Independent system • Wheels move independent of each other • Non-independent

Suspension Components • Frame or unibody • Shocks • Springs Torsion bar • Leaf

COIL SPRINGS Coil springs are made of special round spring steel wrapped in a

HOOKE’S LAW All suspensions use springs with a common characteristic described Robert Hooke (1635–

LEAF SPRINGS Leaf springs are constructed of one or more strips of long, narrow

Shackles allow for rearward movement as the spring hits a bump. Figure 85– 22

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Steering / Suspension Systems

Rack & Pinion Parallelogram

Parallelogram steering �Used on older cars �Mostly used on trucks and SUV’s today �Parts of a typical system �Steering column �Gearbox �Pitman arm �Center link �Idler arm �Inner and outer tie rod ends �Steering knuckles Center Link

Rack and Pinion Steering • Used on most newer cars • Parts of a typical system • Steering column • Rack and pinion assembly • Tie rods • Steering knuckles

Power Steering • Uses hydraulic pressures to make steering easier • Parts of system • Belt • Pump • Hoses • Piston • Control valves • Power steering pump • Some are electric

Suspension Systems • Independent system • Wheels move independent of each other • Non-independent system • Movement of one wheel moves the other Solid axle

TYPES

COIL SPRINGS Coil springs are made of special round spring steel wrapped in a helix shape. Characteristics of a coil spring (strength, etc. ) depend on: 1. 2. 3. 4. Coil diameter Number of coils Height of spring Diameter of the steel coil that forms the spring Continued

HOOKE’S LAW All suspensions use springs with a common characteristic described Robert Hooke (1635– 1703). An English physicist, he discovered force the characteristics of springs Hooke’s Law Deflection (movement or deformation) of a spring is directly proportional to the applied force. Figure 85– 8 This spring was depressed 4 inches due to a weight of 2, 000 Ib. This means that this spring has a spring rate (K) of 500 Ib per inch (2000 4 in. 500 Ib. /in. )

LEAF SPRINGS Leaf springs are constructed of one or more strips of long, narrow spring steel. These metal strips, called leaves, are assembled with plastic or synthetic rubber insulators between the leaves, allowing for freedom of movement during spring operation. Figure 85– 18 A typical leaf spring used on the rear of a pickup truck showing the plastic insulator between the leaves, which allows the spring to move without creating wear or noise. Continued

Shackles allow for rearward movement as the spring hits a bump. Figure 85– 22 Typical rear leaf-spring suspension of a rear-wheel-drive vehicle. Continued