stav politickch vied SAV stav etnolgie SAV Bratislava

Ústav politických vied SAV & Ústav etnológie SAV Bratislava, January 13, 2017, 10 am The National Silesian Movement in Postcommunist Poland: Between Democracy and Nationalism Dr Tomasz Kamusella Reader in Modern History University of St Andrews Scotland

1918 -22: Splitting Upper & Austrian Silesia

Splitting Upper & Austrian Silesia (2)

Complications Prajzsko [Prussian Land]

Upper Silesia’s Slavic-Germanic Creole (1) • 0. Standard German. • 1. 1. Über Dächer über Häuser, wie der Kater zu die Mäuser, also schleicht sich Antek hin zu dem Bett von Schwägerin. Bruderlibe. • 1. 2. Du Hacher verfluchter, pieronnischer Bux. • 2. 1. Maryka übern Reifen springt, was die pajacy ham mitgebringt. • 2. 2. Sollt ich kapitulirowatsch (. . . ) Tatulek hat Krieg gemachen. • 3. 1. Mach dem kanarek mal die klotka auf, da kann er sich rein und raushopsać. • 3. 2. Die Mamulka denkt sich w doma, was sich macht Soldaten, denkt sich, żre kapusta, kloski, trinkt sich Wein (. . . ). Hab geschrieben Mutter gestern, hab kanon puzowatsch, is psiakrew kaput gegangen, muß go bezahlowatsch. (. . . ) Sabioł szablą ganz alleine tausendzwölf turkusen.

Upper Silesia’s Slavic-Germanic Creole (2) • 4. 1. Alexander scho na wander, kupiou buty za trzy knuty. • 4. 2. (. . . ) Szlajfyrze mieli ta łośka z bruskami zamontowano na linksztandze przi kole. • 5. 1. Maryko ty stara kryko, ty mos tyn pysk jak stary wertiko. • 5. 2. A potym geburstag moł jego baba i bajtel. • 6. 1. Za komuny szło nejwyżi pozaglondać na fajerwerki w telewizorze. • 6. 2. (. . . ) Dziołcha była piykno - no wiycie: krew a mleko, jak to padajom. • 0. Standard Polish.

Theory & History (1) - Before 1848/9: nobles & serfs; Catholics & Lutherans • Nobles – social and spatial mobility across Europe • Serfs – village / parish communities (local ethnicities) - 1867/1871 -1914/18: nation-building • Ethnolinguistic nationalism: language = nation = state • German Empire - 1918 -1939: Central Europe divided among ethnolinguistic nation-states - 1938 -1945 -1950 -1968: Ethnic cleansing, genocide 1945/56 -1989: National communism • Unprecedented ethnolinguistic homogeneity • Suppression of ‘incorrect identities’ • Polonization / Czechization – compulsory education for all

Theory & History (2) • 1989: Fall of communism, democracy, from nat’l communism to nationalism • Freedom of expression, freedom of assembly • What is not forbidden is allowed, the rule of law

Political Mobilization (1) Causes: • Exclusion from the Polish nat’l master narrative • Widespread feeling that no party represents the interests of Upper Silesia • Feeling that the wrongs of the past are not put right • Deindustrialization, unemployment Effects: 1990 RAŚ Silesian Autonomy Movement 1996 ZLNŚ Union of People of Silesian Nationality

Denial of Ethnic Identity (1) 1997: ZLNŚ de-registered 1998: European Court of Human Rights 2000: UOP (State Protection Office): ‘Silesians a danger to Poland’s territorial integrity’ 2001: ECHR Decision 2004: Appeal, Grand Chamber, ECHR 2010: RAŚ becomes a junior partner of the ruling coalition in the Silesian (Katowice) Region

Denial of Ethnic Identity (2) • 2002 census (widespread irregularities) : 50, 000 Silesian-speakers; 173, 000 Silesians • 2011 census: 0. 5 m Silesian-speakers; 0. 8 m Silesians • Ergo, Silesians are Poland’s largest minority; Silesian is Poland’s second largest language • Silesian is the main language of Poland’s recognized German minority • Warsaw does not accept the results: officially Silesians are a ‘regional / social group of the Polish nation; ’ Silesian is a ‘dialect of Polish’

Census 2011: Silesians = Upper Silesia

Cultural Mobilization (1) • 2003 Ślōnsko Nacyjno Ôficyno (Silesian National Publishing House), Zabrze • Dariusz Jerczyński Historia Narodu Śląskiego (A History of the Silesian Nation) • 2007 Tôwarzistwo Piastowaniô Ślónskij Môwy Danga • 2007 Pro Loquela Silesiana – ferajn do pjastowańo a průmowańo ślůnskij godki • 2007 first-ever Silesian-Polish periodical starts publishing, Ślůnsko Nacyjo • 2007 Silesian language, ISO 693 -3 szl • 2008 Silesian Wikipedia / Ślůnsko Wikipedyjo

Cultural Mobilization (2) • 2008 & 2009: 1 st & 2 nd Standardization Congresses, Katowice • 2009 Standard spelling system of Silesian accepted in Cieszyn; 1 st Silesian-language book published in standard orthography (Óndra Lysohorsky (sic) (Erwin Goj) Spiwajuco piaść) • 2010: 2 Silesian primers (Ślabikorz) published • 2013: Ajschylos [that is, Aeschylus]. Prōmytyjos przibity [Prometheus Bound] • 2014: Poradzisz? Gŏdej! EU project to counteract ‘soft discrimination, ’ Pro Loquela Silesiana • 2016: Facebook available in Silesian

Political Mobilization (2) • 2011: SONŚ Association of People of • Silesian Nationality • 2012 -15 Public Prosecutor’s repeated attempts to deregister SONŚ • 2015 SONŚ de-registered • 2016 SONŚ liquidated • 2016: SONŚ submits complaint against Poland in ECHR • October 2016: Public Bill to Change the Polish Act on National and Ethnic Minorities (in order to recognize Silesian a language and the Silesians as an ethnic minority) rejected by the Sejm (Polish Parliament) without any consultations

Which Silesian Organizations Are Best Recognized in the Silesian Region

Politics of History

Nationalism in Action: Marches

T-Shirts

Don’t Be Afraid to Speak Silesian

Silesian-language Books

Standard Silesian (1) Ślōnzoki a onych godka i hajmat Ślōnzoki pomiyszkujōm na Wiyrchnym Ślōnsku, kery terozki je we Polsce, i tyż na ōstyn tajli Bohymskigo Ślōnska, kero roztopiyrzo sie pojstrzōd Ostravōm a Těšinym. Ze geszichtowego blikniyńcio, od pojstrzedniowieczo ku ostatka II weltowyj wojny, bōł to plac, kaj doimytowały sie dialekty słowianowe a germanowe. We efekcie powstowanio landōw nacjowogodkowych we Pojstrzodkowyj Europie po 1918 roku, plac tyn roztajlowany ostoł pojstrzōd Czechosłowacyjo, Niymce a Polska. Te tajlowanie uznali Alianty i niy powożali majnunga samych Ślōnzokow. Nojwiyncy Ślōnzokōm zdało sie coby Wiyrchny Ślōnsk oroz ōstyn poły Bohymskego Ślōnska (wtynczos jeszcze mianowany Ślōnsk Esterajchowy) zrychtować za samostanowiōny land (nacyjowy) Ślōnzokow, abo dociepnōńć za autōnōmijowy rigijōn ku Niymcōm, abo ku Czechosłowacyje.

Standard Silesian (2) Stŏwarzyszyniy Ôsobōw Narodowości Ślōnskij zbiyrõ do siã ludzi, kerzi sami uznŏwajōm, że sōm narodowości ślōnskij. W grudniu 2011 roku, sztyrnoście lŏt ôd czasu, jak ôsoby narodowości ślōnskij piyrszy rŏz chciały sie stŏwarziszyć, udało sie ôd sōndu dostać zgodã na legalne działaniy. Na Ślōnsku trefić idzie roztŏliczne grupy ludzi, kere roztŏmajncie widzōm tã swojã narodowość. Sōm sam Ślōnzoki polski, niymiecki i czeski. Miyszkajōm sam tyż tacy, co gŏdajóm o siebie, że sōm yno Polokami, Niymcami, abo Czechami. Miyszkŏ tyż sam ale dużo ludzi, kerzi padajōm o siebie: „Jŏ je Ślōnzŏk” i majōm se to w zŏcy. To prawie dlō nich je te stŏwarzyszyniy. Człōnkami naszyj ôrganizacyje mogōm być niy yno ci, kerzi deklarujōm, że sóm Ślōnzŏkami. Człōnkami wspiyrajōncymi mogōm tyż być ci, kerzi niy głoszōm sie Ślōnzŏkami, ale im przajóm i chcōm im pōmŏgać. Fest ważne je dlō nŏs dbać o tã naszã „inkszość” norodowõ. Chcymy dŏwać pozōr przede wszyjskim na nasz jynzyk, tradycyje a kultura. Chcymy zebrać do kupy wszyjskich ludzi ze Ślōnska, co by mōgli ōni sie ze sobōm dogŏdŏwać, czuć sie sam u sia i co by przijyni te tradycyje i kulturã za swojã. Zaprŏszōmy wszyjskich do pōmocy przi realizacyji cylōw Stŏwarzyszyniõ i pokŏzaniŏ z dobryj strōny Ślōnska i Ślōnzŏkōw.

Cyberspace in Silesian • • • Wikipedyjo, http: //szl. wikipedia. org/wiki/Przod%C 5%84 o_zajta Silesian language, http: //gryfnie. com/ Poland Without Silesia, http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=_L 0 s. Au. V 4 S 1 M Silesian-language radio, http: //www. radiobercik. eu/ Facebook, http: //www. facebook. com/Slonsko-Godka-100190953384975/ Silesian-language videos, http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=u. Qtor 94 f 6 fs, http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=zx. U 4 f 59 EYEg, http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=v. OBXw. UAGZk. E, http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=5 -GGTA 4 Xl. TI, http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=d-j. Nwqx 5 Ofk • Silesian-language rap, http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Rh. Sx 01 yzdz. I, http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=3 x. FV 51 EMtg. A, https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=3 i. G 7 k. VSf. KXg, • E-bookshop with Silesian-language books, http: //www. silesiaprogress. com/pl/c/Po-slonsku/51 • Against soft discrimination, http: //godej. pl/we-biurze/, http: //godej. pl/rajd/, http: //godej. pl/egzamin/, http: //godej. pl/pod-szybem/, http: //godej. pl/przywindzie/

Recognizing Silesian in Cyberspace * ISO 693 -3 www-01. sil. org/iso 639 -3/cr_files/2006106_szl. pdf * Language: Silesian, glottolog. org/resource/languoid/id/sile 1253 , http: //www. languagearchives. org/item/oai: glottolog. org: sile 1253 • Silesian, http: //www. ethnologue. com/language/szl • Silesian resources, http: //crubadan. org/languages/szl • Silesian keyboard, http: //bugs. freedesktop. org/show_bug. cgi? id=54958

Future: The 1 Per Cent Principle • The continued political importance of ethnolinguistic homogeneity as the very basis of national statehood legitimization in Poland • Ergo (1), the number of members of the recognized minorities must not be larger than 1 per cent of Poland’s population • Ergo (2), the number of speakers of recognized minority languages must not be be larger than 1 per cent of Poland’s population

Bibliography (1) • T Kamusella. 2002. Language and the Construction of Identity in Upper Silesia During the Long Nineteenth Century (pp. 45 -70). In: Kai Struve and Philipp Ther, eds. Die Grenzen der Nationen. Indentitätenwandel in Oberschlesien in der Neuzeit. Marburg, Germany: Herder-Institut. http: //www. academia. edu/22524485/Language_and_the_Construction_of_Identity _in_Upper_Silesia_During_the_Long_Nineteenth_Century_pp. _4570_. _In_Kai_Struve_and_Philipp_Ther_eds. _2002. _Die_Grenzen_der_Nationen. _ Indentitätenwandel_in_Oberschlesien_in_der_Neuzeit. _Marburg_Germany_Herde r-Institut • T Kamusella. 2004. The Szlonzokian Ethnolect in the Context of German and Polish Nationalisms (pp. 19 -39). Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism. No 1. https: //www. academia. edu/21903446/The_Szlonzokian_Ethnolect_in_the_Context _of_German_and_Polish_Nationalisms_pp. _1939_. _2004. _Studies_in_Ethnicity_and_Nationalism. _No_1 • T Kamusella & A Roczniok. 2011. Sztandaryzacyjo ślōnski godki / Standaryzacja języka śląskiego [The Standardization of the Silesian Language] (pp 288 -294). In: I V Abisigomian, ed. Lingvokul’turnoe prostranstvo sovremennoi Evropy cherez prizmu malykh i bolshikh iazykov. K 70 -letiiu professora Aleksandra Dimitrievicha Dulichenko (Ser: Slavica Tartuensis, Vol 9). Tartu: Tartu University http: //www. academia. edu/22179120/Sztandaryzacyjo_ślōnski_godki_Standaryzacj a_języka_śląskiego_The_Standardization_of_the_Silesian_Language_pp_288294_. _2011

Bibliography (2) • T Kamusella. 2011. Silesian in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: A Language Caught in the Net of Conflicting Nationalisms, Politics, and Identities (pp 769 -789). Nationalities Papers. No 5. https: //www. academia. edu/21952836/Silesian_in_the_Nineteenth_and_Twentieth _Centuries_A_Language_Caught_in_the_Net_of_Conflicting_Nationalisms_Politi cs_and_Identities_pp_769 -789_. _2011. _Nationalities_Papers. _No_5 • T Kamusella. 2011. Language: Talking or Trading Blows in the Upper Silesian Industrial Basin? (pp 3 -24). Multilingua. No 2. https: //www. academia. edu/21948544/Language_Talking_or_Trading_Blows_in_t he_Upper_Silesian_Industrial_Basin_pp_3 -24_. _2011. _Multilingua. _No_2 • T Kamusella. 2012. Poland the Silesians: Minority Rights à la carte? (pp 4274). Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe. Vol 11, No 2. http: //www. ecmi. de/fileadmin/downloads/publications/JEMIE/2012/Vol_2_Dezem ber_2012/4. _JEMIE_Kamusella. pdf • T Kamusella. 2013. The Silesian language in the early 21 st century : A speech community on the rollercoaster of politics (pp 1 -35). Die Welt der Slaven. Vol 58, No 1. https: //www. academia. edu/21948102/The_Silesian_Language_in_the_Early_21 st _Century_A_Speech_Community_on_the_Rollercoaster_of_Politics_pp_135_. _2013. _Die_Welt_der_Slaven. _Vol_58_No_1

Bibliography (3) • T Kamusela & M Nomachi. 2014. The Long Shadow of Borders: The Cases of Kashubian and Silesian in Poland (pp 35 -60). The Eurasia Border Review. Vol 5, No 2, Fall. http: //srch. slav. hokudai. ac. jp/publictn/eurasia_border_review/ebr_v 5 n 2/EBR_v 5 n 2_35. pdf • T Kamusella. 2015. The Changing Lattice of Languages, Borders, and Identities in Silesia (pp 185 -205). In: T Kamusella, M Nomachi and C Gibson, eds. The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages, Identities and Borders. Basingstoke: Palgrave. http: //www. academia. edu/30662517/The_Changing_Lattice_of_Languages_ Borders_and_Identities_in_Silesia_pp_185205_. _2015. _In_T_Kamusella_M_Nomachi_and_C_Gibson_eds. _The_Palgrave_Han dbook_of_Slavic_Languages_Identities_and_Borders. _Basingstoke_Palgrave • T Kamusella. 2016. Silesian: From Gwara to Language After 1989 (pp 78 -119). 2016. Rocznik Polsko-Niemiecki. Vol 24, No 1. http: //www. academia. edu/26782816/Silesian_From_Gwara_to_Language_After_1989 • T Kamusella. 2016. Upper Silesia in Modern Central Europe: On the Significance of the Non-National/A-National in the Age of Nations (pp 8 -52). In: T Kamusella, J Bjork, A Novikov & T Wilson, eds. Creating Nationality in Central Europe, 1880 -1950: Modernity, Violence and (Be) Longing in Upper Silesia. London: Routledge. http: //www. academia. edu/28317294/Upper_Silesia_in_modern_Central_Europe_Unco rrected_Proof_2016 • List of Silesian-language books in standard orthography. 2016. https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/List_of_Silesianlanguage_books_in_standard_orthography