States Their Shapes Territorial Morphology The study of

States & Their Shapes Territorial Morphology - The study of states, their shapes, and the impacts.

How does the shape of a state affects its functioning? • Things to Consider: o o o How is communication within the country affected? Where is the capital? Is there access to resources like water for trade? Is the country isolated from other countries? Are there regions within the country isolated from the rest of the country?

• Things to Consider: o o o How is communication within the country affected? Where is the capital? Is there access to resources like water for trade? Is the country isolated from other countries? Are there regions within the country isolated from the rest of the country?

Compact States • A state where the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly • Ideal compact state would be a circle with the capital in the center • Allows for good communications from all regions • Ex’s Bhutan Burundi, Suriname, Kenya, Uganda

• Things to Consider: o How is communication within the country affected? o Where is the capital? o Is there access to resources like water for trade? o Is the country isolated from other countries? o Are there regions within the country isolated from the rest of the country?

Prorupted States (Protruded) • An otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension • Proruptions are created for 2 reasons 1. 2. To provide a state with access to a resource such as water (Congo stretches to Atlantic Ocean) (why Cabinda is separated from the rest of Angola) To separate two states that would otherwise share a border (Afghanistan separates Tajikistan from Pakistan)

• Things to Consider: o How is communication within the country affected? o Where is the capital? o Is there access to resources like water for trade? o Is the country isolated from other countries? o Are there regions within the country isolated from the rest of the country?

Elongated States • States with a long narrow shape • Only a handful of these • Ex. Chile – over 2500 miles long, but only 90 miles wide • Italy is a less extreme example 700 by 120 miles • Gambia is an elongated state on an East-West orientation (300 miles wide by 15 miles long) by that is completely surrounded by Senegal • Other examples o Malawi, Vietnam

• Things to Consider: o o o How is communication within the country affected? Where is the capital? Is there access to resources like water for trade? Is the country isolated from other countries? Are there regions within the country isolated from the rest of the country?

Fragmented States • • • A state with several discontinuous pieces of territory Technically, any state that has offshore islands is considered fragmented – fragmentation is particularly significant for some states 2 types: 1. Areas separated by water • UK, Who Else? 2. Areas separated by an intervening state • Brunei, Oman, Who Else?

The Tin Bingha Corridor

• Things to Consider: o o o How is communication within the country affected? Where is the capital? Is there access to resources like water for trade? Is the country isolated from other countries? Are there regions within the country isolated from the rest of the country?

Perforated States • A state that completely surrounds another one • Italy is another example o It completely surrounds San Marino and the Vatican

Enclaves and Exclaves • A territorial enclave is a state, or part of a state, surrounded completely by another state. o Lesotho is an enclave territory surrounded by South Africa. • When an enclave is land that is a political extension of another state, then it is called an exclave. o Alaska is an exclave of the United States because it is cut off from the rest of the country by Canada. • Enclave’s can be ethnic as well as political o Examples?

Shapes of States • Shape of a state controls the length of its boundaries with other states • Shape also can influence the ease or difficulty of internal administration and can affect social unity • There are 5 basic shapes: o Compact o Prorupted (Protruded) o Elongated o Fragmented o Perforated

Landlocked States • A state that lacks a direct outlet to the sea because it is completely surrounded by several other countries o 14 out of the 54 countries in Africa are landlocked o Only Lichtenstein and Uzbekistan are doubly landlocked in the world. • Access to a seaport is critical because it facilitates international trade o Bulky goods are usually transported by ship o Landlocked states are at the mercy of other states for the use of their seaports

Practice Questions 1. A Nation-State is most often defined by its twin attributes of sovereignty and A. B. C. D. E. Religious Tolerance Social Democracy Ethnic Homogeneity Economic Prosperity A Strong Anti-terrorist policy 2. Spain colonized much of Central and South America, yet in the 19 th century, the end result of these efforts was A. B. C. D. E. a war between Spain and its territories in North Africa a war between Central America and the largest nations in South America a series of government strikes in Spain and Portugal a series of revolutionary movements in Central and South America the unification of Spain’s Central American and South American colonies

3. Western imperialist policies of the 20 th and 21 st centuries have been most deeply influenced by A. South African imperialism B. Belgian imperialism C. German imperialism D. Portuguese imperialism E. British imperialism 4. The largest number of landlocked states are found in A. Africa. B. East Asia. C. the Middle East. D. Southeast Asia. E. South America.

5. Complete the following analogy: a compact state is to circular as a)a prorupted state is to extended. b)a perforated state is to pierced. c)an elongated state is to narrow d)fragmented state is to pieces. e)All of the above are correct. 6. Which country controlled the most colonial territory in 1914? a) United States b) Japan c) Germany d) France e) United Kingdom