States of Consciousness Different States of Consciousness Normal

States of Consciousness

Different States of Consciousness � � � Normal Waking Consciousness › Conscious awareness- attention and arousal impact this › Preconscious – can easily bring back to awareness › Subconscious/unconscious – wishes or inner conflicts that we are unaware of but affect behavior › Nonconscious- eg. Brain monitors body temperature › Daydreams and fantasies Sleep & Dreams Hypnosis Drug States Meditation Near-Death Experiences

Conscious Preconsciou s Subconscious Unconscious

Why do we daydream? � They can help us prepare for future events. They can nourish our social development. � Can substitute for impulsive behavior. �

Biorhythms � Circadian – normal _____Hour cycles, waking and sleeping cycles (6 -8 hours), temperature levels, glucose cycles, hormonal levels � Ultradian – fast cycles, less than 24 hrs. , heartbeat (60100 beats per minute), red blood cell production (2 million per second), blinking, respiration, cellular mitosis (80 minutes) � Infradian – longer cycles, menstrual cycle (28 days), animal hibernation, red blood cells last 120 days, developmental cycles: childhood, puberty, aging

The Body’s Clock � Special receptors in the _____ and the hypothalamus allow the body to respond to changes in light and dark › Ex: melatonin goes up in dark and down in light (secreted by pineal gland) �Melatonin is used to treat insomnia and blind people with sleep-wake problems

The Body’s Clock � When the clock is out of sync › Circadian rhythms are in phase with one another › When one changes, others are thrown off �Why would a rhythm change?

Rhythms of Sleep � “The behavior patterns involved in sleep are glaring, almost insanely, at odds with common sense. ” �Christopher Evans (British psychologist)

Why do we need sleep? 1. Ecological Niche: back in the day, darkness meant death, those that slept did not go out, thus did not die. Sleep protects us.

Sleep helps us recuperate and restores the breakdown of our body.

Why We Sleep 1. 2. 3. 4.

How much sleep do we need? � 2/3 of Americans get less than ___hours � Newborns ____-_____ hours � Adults sleep___hours � Elderly ___ hours � American students average ___hours › Adolescents typically need 10 hours › Linked to lower grades

Sleep Stages � There are 5 identified stages of sleep. � It takes about ____-____ minutes to pass through the 5 stages. � The brain’s waves will change according to the sleep stage you are in. � The first four stages are known as _____ sleep. � The fifth stage is called _____ sleep.

EEG Cycles

Stage One � This is experienced as falling sleep and is a ______ stage between wake and sleep. � It usually lasts between ___ and ___ minutes and occupies approximately 2 -5 % of a normal night of sleep. � eyes begin to roll slightly. � consists mostly of theta waves (high amplitude, low frequency (slow)) � brief periods of alpha waves, similar to those present while awake Hallucinations can occur and feeling of falling.

Stage Two � This follows Stage 1 sleep and is the “______" of sleep. � This stage is part of the 90 minute cycle and occupies approximately ___-___% of sleep.

Stage Three & Four � Stages three and four are "Delta" sleep or "slow wave" sleep and may last __-__ minutes. � It is called “______" sleep because brain activity slows down dramatically from the "theta" rhythm of Stage 2 to a much slower rhythm called "delta" and the height or amplitude of the waves increases dramatically.

Stage Three and Four (continued) Contrary to popular belief, it is _______ that is the "deepest" stage of sleep (not REM) and the most restorative. � It is delta sleep that a sleep-deprived person's brain craves the first and foremost. � In children, delta sleep can occupy up to 40% of all sleep time and this is what makes children unawakeable or “______" during most of the night. �

Stage Five: REM SLEEP REM: _______________ � This is a very active stage of sleep. � Composes 20 -25 % of a normal nights sleep. � Breathing, heart rate and brain wave activity ______. � Vivid Dreams can occur. � From REM, you go back to Stage 2 � Body is essentially _____ during REM �

Figure 7. 7 The stages in a typical night’s sleep Myers: Psychology, Eighth Edition Copyright © 2007 by Worth Publishers

Lack of Sleep � Hormone levels necessary for normal muscle development & proper immune system functioning decline � Mental flexibility, attention, & creativity all ____ � Brain cells can become _____ or ______ � ______ & ______ � Higher rate of infections

Dangers of Staying up Too Late � Likelihood of traffic & work accidents increases � Tired truck drivers 1500 road deaths per year � Driver fatigue causes more accidents than alcohol or other drugs

Sleeping Disorders � Sleep studies and sleep labs › EEG, EOG, and EMG scans � Insomnia � Sleep Apnea � Narcolepsy � Sleep walking/Night Terrors › Sleep talking, nightmares

Insomnia � Difficulty � Causes: › in ____________

Sleep Apnea �A sleep disorder characterized by temporary ____________ during sleep and consequent momentary reawakenings. � Causes: › �Can cause high blood pressure & irregular heartbeat

Narcolepsy � Sudden and unpredictable daytime attacks of _____________ � Can last from 5 -30 minutes � 250, 000 Americans suffer from it (some don’t even know it) � Genetic

Night Terrors �A sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an __________. � Occur in Stage 4, not REM, and are not often remembered.

Sleepwalking - Somnambulism � Sleepwalking is a sleep disorder effecting an estimated 10 percent of all humans at least once in their lives. � Sleep walking most often occurs during deep, _______ sleep (stage 3 or stage 4 sleep) early in the night.

Dreams � No non-dreamers just _____ � Average 4 -5 dreams � More vivid happen in _____ sleep � Sleep learning does not occur � Usually unaware of where your body is located

Exploring the Dream World � Lucid › Dreams

Theories of Dreams � Dreams as ______ wishes (latent vs. manifest) – Freud › Provide insight into desires, motives, & conflicts of which we are unaware � Dreams as __________– Cartwright � Dreams as _________– Crick and Mitchison ›

Theories of Dreams � Dreams as interpreted brain activity – __________Model – Hobson and Mc. Carley › during the night our brainstem releases random neural activity, dreams may be a way to make sense of that activity. � Physiological function – develops and preserves neural pathways � Cognitive development – stimulating the brain

REM Rebound � The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation. � What will happen if you don’t get a good nights sleep for a week, and then sleep for 10 hours?

Theories of Forgetting Dreams � _______– we don’t want to remember � Salience hypothesis – only remember dreams which are __________ � ______– thinking/tasks keep us from remembering � Cortical ____ that control storage of new memories are turned “off”