State Sanctioned Violence across Latino Black and Arab
State Sanctioned Violence across Latino, Black, and Arab and Muslim communities in a Post-9/11 America. The Richard Macksey National Undergraduate Humanities Symposium at Johns Hopkins 2020 By: Nourel-hoda Eidy, Ronnie Alvarez, and Madeline Simone
Outline: ● Introductions ● Brief historical overview ● Precedence of racialized policies ● Law enforcement actions in communities of color ● What are the consequences?
Our History is Racialized and Political. . . Immigration Act of 1924 1 ➢ Quota system for number of immigrants per country ➢ Favored Northern and Western Europeans ➢ Excluded Asian immigrants (except from the Philippines) Militarization of U. S. /Mexico Border 1 ➢ Continued militarization as illegal migration increases ➢ Border patrol budget and number of workers continues to increase 1965 1924 2002 1986 U. S. ends Bracero Accord with Mexico 1 ➢ Imposed first-ever numerical limit on immigrants from the Americas ➢ Rise of illegal migration creates a “Latino Threat Narrative” Immigration under Obama 2 ➢ Deportations focused on undocumented immigrants with criminal charges and recent arrivals Racialization of Immigrant Communities 3 ➢ Use of local police collaborations with ICE ➢ Collateral arrests due to racial profiling 2017 Present 2008 1 ➢ ➢ Homeland Security Act of 2002 Department of Homeland Security (DHS) created Created three new federal agencies: Customs and Border Protection (CBP), Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), and U. S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) Immigration under Trump ➢ No specific priorities regarding deportations; goal to deport as many as possible ➢ Increased number of large scale work raids and increased hypermilitarization ➢ Travel ban and immigration limits from six majority Muslim countries 2
Our History is Racialized and Political. . . The Immigration Act of 1924 1 ➢ Quota system for number of immigrants per country ➢ Favored Northern and Western Europeans ➢ Excluded Asian immigrants (except from the Philippines) Militarization of U. S. /Mexico Border 1 ➢ Continued militarization as illegal migration increases ➢ Border patrol budget and number of workers continues to increase 1965 1924 Immigration under Obama 2 ➢ Deportations focused on undocumented immigrants with criminal charges and recent arrivals 2002 2017 1986 U. S. ends Bracero Accord with Mexico 1 ➢ Imposed first-ever numerical limit on immigrants from the Americas ➢ Rise of illegal migration and created a “Latino Threat Narrative” Racialization of Immigrant Communities 3 ➢ Use of local police collaborations with ICE ➢ Collateral arrests due to racial profiling Present 2008 1 Homeland Security Act of 2002 ➢ Department of Homeland Security (DHS) created ➢ Created three new federal agencies: Customs and Border Protection (CBP), Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), and U. S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) Immigration under Trump ➢ No specific priorities regarding deportations; goal to deport as many as possible ➢ Increased number of large scale work raids and increased hypermilitarization ➢ Travel ban and immigration limits from six majority Muslim countries 2
State violence can be seen across communities of color. . . ● Increased presence of police in Black and Brown communities. 4 ● The rates of arrests and incarceration of these community members were not reflective of higher possession and/or prevalent use of drugs, but instead law enforcement focused on urban, lowincome, communities of color. 4 ● Mosques across the country were surveilled by the FBI. 5 ● After September 11 attacks, Dearborn, MI, which contains the largest concentration of Arabs outside of the Middle East, became the most heavily surveilled city in the U. S at that time (currently the 2 nd most watched). 5
Racialized policies perpetuate stereotypes and foster implicit biases. Law enforcement actions can be seen through large campaigns and strategies but can also be in more passive, everyday interactions… What prompts an officer to pull someone over? How does the interaction change based on who the driver/person is?
Impact of law enforcement actions include: Police Violence 6 Criminalization of Communities 7 Exploitation of civil liberties 8
O O U U Social Progress T C O M T C FEAR/ ANXIETY Trust in the government Willingness to seek services O M E E S S
References 1 Durand, Jorge & Massey, Douglas & Pren, Karen. (2016). Double Disadvantage Unauthorized Mexicans in the U. S. Labor Market. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 666. 78 -90. 1177/0002716216643507. 2 How Trump Radicalized ICE - The Atlantic. (n. d. ). Retrieved April 30, 2020, from https: //www. theatlantic. com/magazine/archive/2018/09/trump-ice/565772/ 3 Menjívar, C. , Simmons, W. , Alvord, D. , & Salerno Valdez, E. (2018). Immigration Enforcement, The Racialization of Legal Status, And Perceptions of the Police: Latinos in Chicago, Los Angeles, Houston, and Phoenix in Comparative Perspective. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 15(1), 107 -128. doi: 10. 1017/S 1742058 X 18000115 4 Race and the Drug War | Drug Policy Alliance. (n. d. ). Retrieved April 30, 2020, from https: //www. drugpolicy. org/issues/race-and-drug-war 5 Abraham, N. , Howell, S. , & Shryock, A. (2011). Arab Detroit 9/11: Life in the terror decade. Arab Detroit 9/11: Life in the Terror Decade. https: //doi. org/10. 5860/choice. 49 -3438 6 LUNDMAN, R. J. , & KAUFMAN, R. L. (2003). Driving While Black: Effects of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender on Citizens Self-Reports of Traffic Stops and Police Actions*. Criminology, 41(1), 195– 220. https: //doi. org/10. 1111/j. 1745 -9125. 2003. tb 00986. x 7 Armenta, A. , & Alvarez, I. (2017). Policing immigrants or policing immigration? Understanding local law enforcement participation in immigration control. Sociology Compass, 11(2), e 12453. https: //doi. org/10. 1111/soc 4. 12453 8 Race and Arab Americans before and after 9/11: from invisible citizens to visible subjects. (2008). Choice Reviews Online. https: //doi. org/10. 5860/choice. 45 -7063 9 Lopez, W. D. , Kruger, D. J. , Delva, J. , Llanes, M. , Ledón, C. , Waller, A. , … Israel, B. (2017). Health Implications of an Immigration Raid_ Findings from a Latino Community in the Midwestern United States. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 19(3), 702– 708. https: //doi. org/10. 1007/s 10903 -016 -0390 -6 10 Barrick, K. (2014). Latino Confidence in the Police: The Role of Immigration Enforcement, Assimilation, and Immigration Status. Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice, 12(4), 289– 307. https: //doi. org/10. 1080/15377938. 2014. 893218
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