Starter Write down one similarity and two differences

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Starter Write down one similarity and two differences between B cells and T cells.

Starter Write down one similarity and two differences between B cells and T cells.

Humoral Response Involves B lymphocytes which produce antibodies These antibodies will move through the

Humoral Response Involves B lymphocytes which produce antibodies These antibodies will move through the blood and tissue fluid. An old fashioned word for bodily fluids in “humour”.

Humoral Response Millions of different types of B cell, each can produce an antibody

Humoral Response Millions of different types of B cell, each can produce an antibody that is specific to one particular antigen. When an antigen is in the blood or tissue fluid e. g. a protein on the surface of a pathogen, foreign cell, toxin or abnormal cells one B cell will have an antibody that is complementary to it. The antibody attaches to the antigen and the B cell takes up the antigen by endocytosis. The antigen is presented on the surface. T helper cells bind to these processed antigens and stimulate this B cell to divide to form clones - clonal selection.

Humoral Response The cloned B cells can produce large quantities of one particular type

Humoral Response The cloned B cells can produce large quantities of one particular type of antibody. In reality a pathogen may have several proteins on its surface that act as antigens, each with a different structure. Some bacteria, such as cholera, also produce toxins which act as antigens. Therefore many B cells make clones, each of which produce their own antibody.

Humoral Immunity

Humoral Immunity

Plasma Cells • Mature B Cells • Secrete antibodies (up to 2000 per second!)

Plasma Cells • Mature B Cells • Secrete antibodies (up to 2000 per second!) • Antibodies are proteins • Well developed endoplasmic reticulum for production of antibodies • Need lots of mitochondria to release energy for antibody production • Golgi body to package antibodies

Humoral Response Plasma cells – primary response Produce antibodies but only survive a few

Humoral Response Plasma cells – primary response Produce antibodies but only survive a few days Memory Cells – secondary response Live for decades but do not produce antibodies directly Rapidly divide when exposed to same antigen in future Make plasma cells and more memory cells

Animation Kerboodle animation

Animation Kerboodle animation

Tasks to complete 1. Annotate the diagram 2. Fill in the gaps to complete

Tasks to complete 1. Annotate the diagram 2. Fill in the gaps to complete the summary of the humoral response

Exam Question 1. Describe how B-lymphocytes respond when they are stimulated by antigens (4)

Exam Question 1. Describe how B-lymphocytes respond when they are stimulated by antigens (4) 2. Explain how the changes shown in the drawings are related to the function of B lymphocytes (4)

1 divide by mitosis / form clones; produce plasma cells; (plasma cells) make antibodies;

1 divide by mitosis / form clones; produce plasma cells; (plasma cells) make antibodies; produce memory cells

2 mitochondria provide (more) ATP / energy; (more) RER / ribosomes synthesise proteins; (more)

2 mitochondria provide (more) ATP / energy; (more) RER / ribosomes synthesise proteins; (more) Golgi body secretes / modifies or packages proteins / produces glycoproteins; (B lymphocytes) produces antibodies

Coordination 10 1 Starter Write down two differencesCoordination 10 1 Starter Write down two differences
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