Starter Review the questions from last week How

Starter ¡ ¡ Review the questions from last week. How can you improve them? (Look at the command words) Make use of your green pen.

A 2 Physical Education Sport Psychology ANXIETY AND ATTITUDES Week 2 Revision

Overview Week 1 Aspects of personality Arousal Week 2 Controlling anxiety Attitudes Week 3 Aggression Confidence Week 4 Attribution theory Group success Week 5 Leadership and any questions

Attitudes TIPS! ¡ ¡ ¡ Make sure you understand how attitudes are formed and influenced. You need to be able to explain how attitudes can be changed. Try to understand the links between attitude and behaviour in sport.

ATTITUDE OBJECTS The people, subject or situation towards which an attitude is directed.

What is an ATTITUDE? ATTITUDES – A learned behavioural predisposition. (linked with personality) UNSTABLE LEARNED DIRECTED TOWARDS ATTITUDE OBJECTS CAN BE CHANGED/ CONTROLLED ENDURING EMOTIONAL & BEHAVIOURAL RESPONSE

Formation of Attitudes COACHES/ TEACHERS PARENTS FRIENDS/ PEERS PAST EXPERIENCES PREDUJICE ATTITUDES MEDIA Attitudes are mainly formed through experiences. Socialisation: The process of mixing and relating to other people.

Triadic Model of Attitudes This is known as the information component This is known as the emotional component This concerns how a person intends to behave towards an attitude object

Measurement of attitudes Interviews ¡ Self report questionnaires ¡ Observations ¡ Thurston scale, Likert scale, Osgood’s semantic differential scale ¡ +ve and –ve ¡ Validity and reliability. Why? ¡

Changing attitudes - Persuasive Communication Theory You need to be aware of most effective way of persuading someone to change their attitude. Would these people persuade you or would they just cause you stress?

Persuasive Communication Theory 1. The Persuader Significant other with high status 3. The recipients Easy to changed an attitude if the recipient really wishes to be changed 2. The Message Positive to initiate the change 4. The situation The presence of other persuaders PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION the person must - pay attention - understand - accept - retain the message being given the coach must - be expert - be trustworthy the message must - be clear - be unambiguous - be balanced between pros and cons

TASK………… You are a GCSE PE pupil. How could persuasive communication change your negative attitude towards cross country?

ANSWER………… 1. A significant other, e. g. teacher/captain persuades you that cross country has excellent fitness benefits for a GCSE PE pupil. The teacher explains that they can chose cross country as one of their 4 sports. 2. The teacher tells you it will improve your practical grade if you opt for cross country. 3. You understand that this could improve your overall practical grade so you begin to realise the benefits of taking part. 4. Other pupils in your GCSE class share positive experiences of cross country with you and actively encourage you to take part. 5. Focus on aspects of the triadic model

Cognitive Dissonance Theory (Festinger) If a person hold two ideas that oppose and conflict with each other an element of discomfort arises. Emotional conflict is called DISSONANCE.

Cognitive Dissonance Theory (Festinger) To reduce this feeling of dissonance, the impact of one of the conflicting ideas could be lessened and therefore an attitude would change. Updating knowledge or providing a person with new information can change the cognitive component. Providing a person with new and positive experiences can modify the affective component. If a skill is simplified or if some form of guidance is used to make execution easier, the behavioural component of attitude can be changed.

TASK………… How could a physical education teacher change the negative attitude that a pupil may have towards swimming?

ANSWER…. . • Educate the pupil about the benefits of swimming • Use cognitive dissonance theory • Persuasive communication from a significant other, e. g. teacher • Set achievable goals to ensure pupil achieves success and experiences enjoyment. • Offer rewards, e. g. praise, trophies. • Familiarise with role models from within the sport of swimming. • Use floats to make execution of some strokes easier. • Attribution retraining.

To conclude………. Attitudes are generally poor predictors of behaviour. • • Social and situational factors influence actual behaviour very strongly. • “Behavioural intention is the strongest predictor of behaviour (Fishbein, 1974). ”

Review the syllabus ¡ Devise two attitude questions (3 and 4 marks) ¡ Devise an attitude essay question (14 marks)

Attitudes – traffic light sheet Anything new that I’ve learnt

Anxiety ¡ ‘The non specific response of the body to any demand made on it’ Seyle 1956 Eustress – Positive form of stress ¡ Anxiety – Negative form of stress ¡

Causes of stress and stress response ¡ Page 142

Anxiety TRAIT ANXIETY: Genetically inherited. These people appear to be anxious at all times. This tends to be permanent and relatively stable. STATE ANXIETY: This fluctuates in response to a given situation and is associated with arousal. It is a learned behavioural response, but can be controlled and manipulated to facilitate optimal performance. (SPIELBERGER) SOMATIC (physical) RESPONSE: Follows the inverted U hypothesis and refers to physiological changes. Somatic responses include excesses muscular tension, heart and respiration rates, resulting in impaired movement. This condition will not allow the performer to enter a ‘peak flow’ state. COGNITIVE (psychological) RESPONSE: Reflects increasing worry about performance. They could become increasingly apprehensive and develop doubts and negative thoughts. Attentional changes occur which negatively impact on the information processing system. If the athlete experiences worry, he or she will not attain a ‘peak flow’ state.

Measuring anxiety Observations ¡ Questionnaires ¡ SCAT, STA 1, CSAI 2 ¡ ¡ +ve / -ve

Anxiety ‘Anxiety occurs when there is a substantial imbalance between the individual’s perception of their ability and their perception of the demands and importance of the situation. ’ (MARTENS) Perception of the situational Demands. e. g. I must win my leg of the relay if my team is to have the chance of winning. ANXIETY Perception of ability to cope. e. g. I am not as good as my opponent Perception of the importance of the situation. e. g. The result of this competition hinges on this relay race.

Controlling anxiety ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ Cognitive Imagery Mental rehearsal Stress management Attentional control Thought stopping Self talk ¡ ¡ ¡ Somatic Biofeedback Centring Breathing control Muscle relaxation

Goal setting Effective goal setting = ¡ Development of self efficacy ¡ Increased motivation ¡ Reduction in anxiety ¡ Persistence ¡ 1. Outcome goal ¡ 2. Performance goal ¡

SMARTER goals

Review the syllabus ¡ Devise two anxiety questions (3 and 4 marks) ¡ Devise an anxiety essay question (14 marks)

Aspects of anxiety – traffic light sheet Anything new that I’ve learnt

Next week and homework pg 155 and 165 Week 1 Aspects of personality Arousal Week 2 Controlling anxiety Attitudes Week 3 Aggression Confidence Week 4 Attribution theory Group success Week 5 Leadership and any questions