Starter activity Revision tracking sheet Have a read

Starter activity - Revision tracking sheet Have a read of the revision tracking sheet that I have given to you. Look at each of the topics and HONESTLY tick/dot/cross in the 2 nd column – BEFORE REVISION LESSON. Do not worry if there a lot of crosses – this stuff was done 2 years ago!!! What is important is that over time, the crosses become dots and the dots become ticks…

Topic 1. 1 The Musculoskeletal system

MUSCULOSKELETAL? ? ? This is the first important term that you will need to recap! TASK: What does this term mean… Let’s begin with the skeletal system…

The skeletal system Learning goals • To know how to label a skeleton. • To know the different types of bone. • To know the functions of the skeleton. • To know the different joint classifications. • To know the structure of a joint. • To know the different types of movements. • To know some of the effects of exercise on the skeletal system.

BONES! Your skeleton is made up of a number of bones. Without your skeleton you would be a shapeless sack of flesh. TASK: How many bones are in the adult human body How many bone names do you remember?

Bone names What do you remember? Head/Neck joint Cranium Vertebral column

Bone names What do you remember? Shoulder joint Scapula Humerus

Bone names What do you remember? Chest region Ribs Sternum

Bone names What do you remember? Elbow region Humerus Radius Ulna

Bone names What do you remember? Hip joint Femur Pelvis

Bone names What do you remember? Femur Patella Knee joint Tibia

Bone names What do you remember? Fibula Tibia Talus Ankle joint

What do you remember? Classification (Types) of bones Bones are divided into a number of different categories all with different roles in the body. 1. Long bones What do you remember? Long bones have a long shaft and are responsible for a lot of movement and often act as levers. This is how sporting actions are created. Long bones in the body include the femur, humerus, tibia, fibula…

Classification (Types) of bones 2. Short bones What do you remember? Short bones are light, small and very strong. The primary function is to support the weight of the body. Short bones will allow finer controlled movement The carpals in the wrist and the tarsals in the foot are examples of short bones. So is the talus

Classification (Types) of bones 3. Flat bones What do you remember? Flat bones perform a number of functions. 1. Protection for delicate areas. 2. Provides a broad surface area for muscle attachment. i. e. the cranium protects the brain. i. e. muscles in the back attach to the pelvis.

Classification (Types) of bones 4. Irregular bones What do you remember? Irregular bones are specially shaped to perform a particular function. These functions include: 1. Protection of joints/organs 2. Muscle attachment Examples include the patella and the vertebrae.

Functions of the skeleton What do you remember? The skeleton performs many functions in the body. TASK: What does function mean? What are the 6 main functions of the skeleton? 1. Support – The skeleton supports the muscles and gives us our framework or ‘body scaffolding’ 2. Protection – The skeleton protects delicate parts of the body like the brain. 3. Movement – Muscles are attached to the bones and once contracting allows movement. 4. Structural shape and points for muscle attachment – The skeleton gives us our shape/size and creates levers. 5. Mineral storage – vital minerals such as Calcium and Phosphorus are stored in bones. 6. Blood cell production – blood cells are made in the bone marrow.

Joints What do you remember? A joint is…. “A joint is a place where two or more bones meet” The skeletal system has a number of joints which are responsible for the huge range of movement. There are several different types of joint in the body which allow different types of movement. The 2 types you need to know are: Ball and Socket Hinge What do you remember?

Ball and Socket Joints What do you remember? In ball and socket joints, the rounded end of a bone fits inside a cup-shaped end. Ball and socket joints allow movement in all directions The most mobile joints in the body are ball and socket joints. Examples: Shoulders and hips.

Hinge Joints What do you remember? Hinge joints - only allow forwards and backwards movement like the hinge on a door. Examples: The knee, elbow and ankle

Structure of a joint All synovial joints have the same ‘make up’: What do you remember? Muscle Bone Bursae Synovial Membrane Synovial Fluid Ligament Joint Capsule Tendon Cartilage

TASK: Can you remember Components of a joint what function tendons, ligaments and cartilage perform? Tendons connect muscles to bones. Ligaments are tough, elastic fibres that link bones to bones. Stops dislocations from occuring Cartilage prevents the ends of bones rubbing together at joints.

Other components of a joint… TASK: Can you remember what synovial fluid, joint capsule, synovial membrane and bursa perform? Synovial fluid – lubricates the joint allowing the parts to move freely. Joint Capsule– surrounds the joint. It is a tough substance that is lined with the softer synovial membrane Synovial membrane– lines the capsule and produces synovial fluid Bursa(e) – small bags of synovial fluid that surround the joint to reduce the friction of movement of the tendons.

Movement at Synovial Joints Different types of synovial joints allow different kinds of movement. There are 7 basic types of movement that can occur at such joints. What do you remember?

1. Extension: Straightening or extending a limb. Example: the arm can be extended at the elbow. 2. Flexion: Bending or flexing a limb. Example: the leg can be flexed at the knee.

3. Abduction: Sideways moving a limb away from the midline of the body. Example: The leg can be moved away from the centre of the body at the hip. 4. Adduction: Sideways moving a limb towards the midline of the body. Example: The arm can be moved towards the centre of the body at the shoulder.

Adduction vs Abduction…? REMEMBER: Adduction is to ADD towards the midline. REMEMBER: Abduction is to TAKE AWAY from the midline.

Movement of a joint 5. Plantar-flexion – The action of pointing toes away from the body. 6. Dorsi-flexion – The action of pulling toes towards the body.

7. Rotation of the shoulder: This is a turning or rotational movement of the shoulder joint Example: the arm can be turned from the shoulder joint.

Effects of exercise on the skeletal system What do you remember? (Immediate, short and long term) 1. Immediate (during exercise) • Tendons and ligaments become stretched • Risk of overstretching could lead to sprain or dislocation 2. Short term (24 -36 hours after exercise) • Joints may ache or feel ‘seized up’ if they were not warmed up properly • You may experience a greater range of movement in your joints 3. Long term (months and years of regular exercise) • Increase bone density (less risk of osteoporosis) • Increasing flexibility of the joints • Strengthened tendons and ligaments • Arthritis or joint discomfort from cartilage wearing away

Phew – breathe!!! That is the first half of topic 1. 1 - Skeletal system recapped. You now need to do a few things… 1. Tick/dot/cross the ‘after revision lesson’ column for each topic covered today. 2. Make sure that before next lesson you have completed the revision cards for those topics and you have ticked the correct column to say that you have made all of the cards. 3. Re read your notes in detail for any of the topics that you put as crosses.

The Muscular System (The other half of the musculoskeletal system)

Starter activity - Revision tracking sheet Have a look at your revision tracking sheet. Look at each of the topics and HONESTLY tick/dot/cross in the 2 nd column – BEFORE REVISION LESSON. Do not worry if there a lot of crosses – this stuff was done 2 years ago!!! What is important is that over time, the crosses become dots and the dots become ticks…

The muscular system Learning goals • To know how to label the voluntary muscles in our body. • To know the term ‘antagonist pair’. • To know the difference between the types of muscular contraction • To know some of the effects of exercise on the muscular system.

MUSCLES Muscles are used in everyday life all the time. Sportspeople are reliant on the power of muscles to compete. Muscles are involved in every movement in your body. Muscle is a special type of tissue made up of fibres that contract (shorten) and relax (lengthen). There are three types of muscle in the body… What do you remember?

1. Voluntary What do you remember? These are attached to bones and they work whenever we want them to. e. g. Biceps, Quadriceps, etc They are attached to bones with TENDONS These bones move under your conscious control. This means that they move when you want them to

2. Involuntary. What do you remember? They work without you consciously controlling them, or even being aware of it. These are found on the walls of the internal organs and they contract in waves. Food travels through the digestive system and blood through the blood vessels in this way.

What do you remember? 3. Cardiac muscle This is a special type of muscle that forms the walls of the heart chambers. It is a type of involuntary muscle, as it contracts without conscious thought or effort. It works non-stop without ever tiring. When it contracts it pumps blood out of the heart and around the body. Fitness training will strengthen cardiac muscle making the heart more efficient at pumping blood around the body.

Voluntary Muscles Pectorals Deltoids What do you remember? Rotator Cuffs Triceps Latissimus Dorsi Biceps Abdominals Gluteals Hip Flexors Hamstrings Quadriceps Tibialis Anterior Gastrocnemius

How muscles create movement What do you remember? It is the contraction of muscles that produces the forces which create movement. Question: What happens when a pack of cards is pushed together? The pack of cards gets shorter but thicker. Muscle as seen magnified x 75, 000

Antagonistic Pairs What do you remember? n Skeletal muscles are attached to the bones by strong cords known as tendons. n They work in pairs, with one muscle contracting whilst the other relaxes in turn to create movement. Movement of the arm at the elbow

Complicated terms!!! n The muscle doing the work (contracting) and creating the movement is called the agonist or prime mover. n The muscle which is relaxing and letting the movement take place is called the antagonist. Antagonist (Triceps relax) Agonist or Prime Mover (Biceps contract)

Antagonistic pairs What do you remember? Muscle Pairs with Biceps - Pectorals - Abdominals - Deltoids - Quadriceps - Gastrocnemius - Muscle

Types of muscular contractions. What do you remember? There are 2 ways that muscles can contract – or ‘work’ 1. Isotonic contractions 2. Isometric contractions Isotonic contractions can actually be split into 2 types itself…(so there are technically 3 types of muscle contraction)… The 2 types of Isotonic are: 1. Concentric 2. Eccentric What do you remember? https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=PHTUlw. Cn. Ce 8

Types of muscular contractions. 1. Isometric contractions Muscles do NOT change length when they contract. You do NOT SEE movement (scrum/plank/handstand) 2. Isotonic contractions Muscles DO change length as they contract. You DO SEE movement (throwing/running/jumping – most things in sport)! 2 a. Isotonic Concentric The muscle is getting shorter (biceps shorten as you lift dumbbell) 2 b. Isotonic Eccentric The muscle is getting longer (biceps lengthen as you lower dumbbell)

Effects of exercise on the muscular system (Immediate, short and long term) What do you remember? 1. Immediate (during exercise) • • Working muscles produce heat Muscles begin to ache Cardiac muscle (heart) works harder Muscles will increase in size due to blood being redistributed to them 2. Short term (24 -36 hours after exercise) • Muscles may ache/cramp due to build up of lactic acid • You may experience tiredness/fatigue 3. Long term (months and years of regular exercise) • Increase muscle mass (hypertrophy) • Increase in size of heart (it is a muscle) • Increase in muscle strength/power/endurance/speed • Body shape improves with better muscle tone

Phew – breathe!!! That is all of topic 1. 1 – Musculo Skeletal system recapped You now need to do a few things… 1. Tick/dot/cross the ‘after revision lesson’ column for each topic covered today. 2. Make sure that before next lesson you have completed the revision cards for those topics and you have ticked the correct column to say that you have made all of the cards. 3. Re read your notes in detail for any of the topics that you put as crosses. 4. Revise everything – in a few lessons time, you will be completing some test questions on these topics.