STARTER 4 Match the principle to its definition

STARTER #4 Match the principle to its definition 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Popular Sovereignty Representative Democracy Limited Government Separation of Powers Federal Government A. system of government in which all eligible citizens vote on representatives to pass laws for them. B. Belief that people control government C. Power is divided among national, state, and local government D. Different branches of government have specific powers E. Written boundaries set limits on the power of government

Stirrings of Rebellion: Why did the American Colonists declare independence from Great Britain?

Colonial Period: • Tradition of Representative Democracy: • House of Burgesses: Virginia • Massachusetts Town Meeting: Pure democracy

Colonial Period: • Salutary Neglect: England busy • Allow Colonies to govern themselves • Local governments in each colony • Colonies have local autonomy WHY?

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR Conclusion: England defeats France • France leaves North America • Massive English debt • WARS ARE COSTLY! • End of Salutary Neglect

Causes of the Revolutionary War! TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION! Rallying cry of the Colonists ****Violation of the English Bill of Rights. Revenue Act: tax many products (sugar, molasses) to pay for the war. No colonists represented in Parliament Stamp Act: taxes on all legal documents Townshend Acts: duties (taxes) on products entering colonies. (tea) Quartering Act: Colonists have to provide food and shelter for British troops.

Causes of the Revolutionary War! organize and Colonists Unite: Stamp Act Congress- Colonies organize and boycott Declaratory Act: “save face” • Stamp act repealed by Parliament (1766) • Can make laws over the colonies “in all cases whatsoever”

Political Arguments for Even if Britain were the Independence: "mother country" of America, America was not a "British that made her actions all the more horrendous, for no mother would harm her children so brutally nation"; but was composed of influences and peoples from all of Europe Thomas Paine’s “Common • Sense” Pamphlet that argues for independence • Effects popular opinion, huge effect amongst Colonists Britain ruled the colonies for her own benefit, and did not consider the best interests of the colonists in governing them. Being a part of Britain would drag America into unnecessary European wars, and keep her from the international commerce at which America excelled

Political Arguments for Independence: Declaration of Independence; July 4 th, 1776 formally separate from British, self government When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

Declaration Of Independence: Thomas Jefferson Locke influence: Social Contract and Natural Rights: • • • Part 1: Natural Rights (inalienable rights) “Life , liberty, and Pursuit of happiness” Part 2: Grievances (infringement of natural rights) “The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries… absolute Tyranny over these States. ” Part 3: Right to rebel (Locke’s social contract theory) “solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION (17771781): First government (constitution) of the United States • • Created during the Revolutionary War Confederate form of Government • Cooperation between sovereign states • 1 branch; National Congress

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION (17771781): Too Weak to be effective. No federal power no power to tax—could only borrow money no power to regulate trade among the states or with foreign powers no power to enforce laws (no executive and no judicial system) needed the consent of 9 of 13 states for laws to pass could not amend the document without all 13 states only one vote for each state, regardless of size could not enforce treaties no effective military force

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION (17771781): Successes of Articles: Give credit where credit is due 1. America won the Revolutionary War and negotiated the Treaty of Paris 2. The colonies remained on good terms. 3. Northwest Ordinance: Path for a territory to become a state Early westward expansion

UNIT#1 LESSON#4 CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION WHEN: May- Sept 1787 WHERE: Philadelphia, Penn WHY: Revise the Articles of Confederation WHO: Most prestigious men in America from 12/13 states • George Washington (Pres of Convention) • Ben Franklin (Voice of reason, father figure) • James Madison (“Father of Constitution”), took detailed notes during the Convention

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION Discard and Replace A OF C • Too weak and no cooperation • unable to tax (raise money) and unable to defend country Form New Government: United States Constitution

Convention of Conflict and Compromises: How to create a federal government powerful enough to ensure stability without taking away all of the power of the state. State Power vs. Federal Power How to create a federal government powerful enough to ensure stability while protecting individual liberty. Federal Power vs. Individual Liberty. How to satisfy multiple factions: North vs. South, Large State vs. Small State

CONFLICT AT THE CONVENTION: Virginia Plan (Large State) • 3 separate and individual branches • Legislature: • Bicameral (2 house) legislature, representatives by population • Executive: elected by legislature • Judiciary: judges appointed by legislature

CONFLICT AT THE CONVENTION: New Jersey Plan (Small State) • 3 separate and individual branches • Legislature: • Unicameral (1 house) legislature, each state has 1 vote. • Legislative branch power to regulate trade and impose taxes • Executive branch consists of more than 1 person • Judiciary: judges appointed by executive branch

GREAT COMPROMISE: Connecticut Plan • Bicameral legislature • House by population • Senate equal representation: • Slaves counted as 3/5 of person for population

UNITED STATES CONSTITUION: “Law of the Land” 3 Separate Branches (Separation of Powers) • Legislative Branch: make the laws • Executive Branch: execute/ carry out the laws • Judicial Branch: interpret the law (constitution) Checks and Balances- branches available to check each others power

CONFLICT AT THE CONVENTION: Slavery: sectional differences arise • South- dependent on slavery • Want slaves to be counted as part of population but not for taxes. • North- moving away from slavery • Slaves should not be counted for population, but counted for taxing purposes.

3/5 compromise: slaves counted as 3/5 of a person for both population and taxing purposes. **“slave” or “slavery” is not mentioned in the constitution

BATTLE FOR RATIFICATION: Ratification: • Constitution sent to the states for approval • Need 9 of 13 states, need VA and NY Sticking Points: Antifederalist • Fear of powerful central government • Fear states will loose power to federal government • No protection for natural rights Federalist Papers: • Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay write essays to defend and promote ratification

BATTLE FOR RATIFICATION: Federalist Papers: • Federalists: merchants, large landholders, government bondholders, professionals (lawyers) • Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay write 85 essays to defend and promote Constitution 1. "The utility of the UNION to your political prosperity"—covered in No. 2 through No. 14 2. "The insufficiency of the present Confederation to preserve that Union"— covered in No. 15 through No. 22 3. "The necessity of a government at least equally energetic with the one proposed to the attainment of this object"—covered in No. 23 through No. 36 4. "The conformity of the proposed constitution to the true principles of republican government"—covered in No. 37 through No. 84 5. "Its analogy to your own state constitution"—covered in No. 85 6. "The additional security which its adoption will afford to the preservation of that species of government, to liberty and to prosperity"—covered in No.

UNITED STATES CONSTITUION: “Law of the Land” Constitution is a living document! That is why it survives • Elastic clause; “necessary and proper” clause • Enact laws to fulfill powers • Amendment process; add to or substance from the constitution. • Judicial Review; new people (Judges) review the meaning of the constitution

STARTER #4 1. Who is known as the Father of the Constitution? 2. Name a power of the legislative branch of government 3. Why did we choose a Republican form of government? 4. What are the purpose of “Checks and Balances”? 5. What is the most important amendment (Bill of Rights)? Why?