STAR TAP Waves Overview Gert Nieveld Global Crossing

STAR TAP Waves Overview Gert Nieveld Global Crossing Europe 01/06/05 Global Crossing Proprietary 1

STAR TAP Waves Overview Waves History: Early Wave Experiments 1727: Giovanni Pittoni, Monument to Isaac Newton 01/06/05 Global Crossing Proprietary 2

STAR TAP Waves Overview Optical Wavelength Services Only 1 year on the market: • Monday April 24, 2000, Rochester, N. Y. Global Crossing (NYSE: GX) Introduces Wholesale Optical Wavelength Service • Tuesday May 9, 2000, Las Vegas, NV Level 3 Communications, Inc. (Nasdaq: LVLT) today announced the introduction of Global Wavelength services. Wave Definition (GX): • 2. 5 & 10 Gb/s optical route through the network via an interconnection at the optical multiplex systems Note that: – Full transparency not always guaranteed – Wave may actually be muxed into higher aggregate stream (i. e. 40 Gb/s) 01/06/05 Global Crossing Proprietary 3

STAR TAP Waves Overview Can the full 2. 5 G capacity be used for IP? Packet Customer view: • End-to-end link: Protection handled at IP multiplex layers • Protection features of SDH/SONET are generally unexploited. • Transparent end-to-end link allows in-band TMN signaling • Signal protocol must be consistent (i. e. SONET OR SDH) PREFERRED: Overhead Transparent Carrier Network Customer Mesh Network 01/06/05 Global Crossing Proprietary 4

STAR TAP Waves Overview Transparency: SDH Overhead Components SDH PATH TERMINATING EQUIPMENT (PTE) MUX SECTION TERMINATING EQUIPMENT (MSTE) REGEN PDH MUX SECTION TERMINATING EQUIPMENT (MSTE) SDH TERMINAL MULTIPLEXER REGEN Section VC Assembly 01/06/05 Multiplex Section Path Global Crossing Proprietary VC Disassembly 5

STAR TAP Waves Overview Global Transparency: SDH Overhead at 2. 5 Gb/s level bit 1 1 49 A 1 B 1 RSOH 3 AU Pointer 4 5 D 1 H 1 B 2 D 4 D 7 MSOH D 10 9 S 1 . . A 1 . . H 1 H 2 . . A 2 97 A 2 E 1 D 2 B 2 H 2 K 1 D 5 D 8 D 11 M 1 . . A 2 . . H 2 . . 144 Z 0 . . H 3 . . J 0 F 1 D 3 K 2 D 6 D 9 D 12 E 1 H 3 145 4320 STM-16 Payload . . STM-16 Frame 38880 BYTES/FRAME * 8 BITS/BYTE * 8000 FRAMES/SEC = 2. 488 Gb/s 01/06/05 Global Crossing Proprietary 6

STAR TAP Waves Overview Transparency Example: 2. 5 Gb/s – 10 Gb/s multiplexers 1. 2. 3. Semi-Transparent transmission of RSOH overhead bytes Semi-Transparent transmission of MSOH overhead bytes Recalculates B 1 and B 2 bytes 1 1 A 1 49 A 1 B 1 RSOH D 1 3 AU Pointer 4 5 H 1 B 2 D 4 MSOH D 7 D 10 9 01/06/05 S 1 . . A 1 A 2 . . H 1 H 2 . . D 8 97 A 2 E 1 D 2 H 2 B 2 K 1 D 5 D 11 M 1 . . A 2 . . H 2 . . Global Crossing Proprietary 144 Z 0 . . H 3 . . J 0 F 1 D 3 K 2 D 6 D 9 D 12 E 1 H 3 . . 7

STAR TAP Waves Overview 01/06/05 Global Crossing Proprietary 8

STAR TAP Waves Overview Multiplexing Methodologies Feature/Product SONET/ SDH ATM Global Addressing Quality of Service Multiplexing Fault Tolerance High Capacity Comm. Process Layer 01/06/05 IP 1 2+ Global Crossing Proprietary 2+ 9

STAR TAP Waves Overview “…Like the final supernova of a brilliant star, SONET will blow up to thousands of times its original brightness - - just before it caves in in itself to a dark, silent death. ” George Gilder, Forbes ASAP, 1999 Wavelengths will rule the network by end 2002 01/06/05 Global Crossing Proprietary 10

STAR TAP Waves Overview Share of Traffic over SDH/SONET falls as Waves mature 01/06/05 Global Crossing Proprietary 11

STAR TAP Waves Overview Optical Fibre Cable 0. 6 Attenuation (all fibre types) 500 channels at 100 GHz spacing 0. 5 Dispersion unshifted fibre (G. 652) 20 10 EDFA band Attenuation (d. B/km) 0 0. 4 0. 3 -10 45 channels 100 GHz spacing G. 655 Dispersion (ps/nm-km) -20 0. 2 C DSF (G. 653) L 0. 1 1100 <<< Visible Light (500 nm) 01/06/05 1200 1300 1400 Wavelength (nm) Global Crossing Proprietary 1500 1600 1700 Infrared (5000 nm) >>> 12

STAR TAP Waves Overview C and L-band lambda overview (terrestrial applications) ITU Grid Reference Point (193. 1 THz) ¦(THz) 197. 0 l (nm) 1520 196. 0 1525 1530 195. 0 1535 194. 0 193. 0 1545 1540 1550 192. 0 1560 1555 191. 0 1565 1570 190. 0 1575 1580 189. 0 1585 188. 0 1595 187. 0 1600 Extended C-Band 100 (50 GHz), 81 channels ITU G. 692 XC-Band 50 10 G or 40 G (100 GHz) 50 ¦ (THz) l (nm) 191. 0 1565 1570 190. 0 1575 1580 189. 0 1585 10 G only (100 GHz) 188. 0 1595 187. 0 1600 186. 0 1605 1610 1615 Extended L Band 100 XL-Band 01/06/05 185. 0 1620 184. 0 1625 1630 183. 0 182. 0 1665 Supervisory Chan (50 GHz) 50 10 G or 40 G (100 GHz) 50 10 G only (100 GHz) Global Crossing Proprietary 13

STAR TAP Waves Overview Subsea Fibre Cable, armoured Courtesy: Alcatel 01/06/05 Global Crossing Proprietary 14

STAR TAP Waves Overview AC – 1 Cable Route 01/06/05 Global Crossing Proprietary 15

STAR TAP Waves Overview Depth Chart of Atlantic Ocean 01/06/05 Global Crossing Proprietary 16

STAR TAP Waves Overview Cableship 01/06/05 Global Crossing Proprietary 17

STAR TAP Waves Overview 01/06/05 Global Crossing Proprietary 18

STAR TAP Waves Overview Subsea Repeater 01/06/05 Global Crossing Proprietary 19

STAR TAP Waves Overview 01/06/05 Global Crossing Proprietary 20

STAR TAP Waves Overview 01/06/05 Global Crossing Proprietary 21

STAR TAP Waves Overview 01/06/05 Global Crossing Proprietary 22

STAR TAP Waves Overview Terminal Stations: Reason #1 for Waves Ajigaura, Japan 04 August 1999 01/06/05 Global Crossing Proprietary 23

STAR TAP Waves Overview Optical Network Components Gig. E, 2. 5 G, 10 G ODF/ FDP Meet Me / Mid Span Meet 2. 5 & 10 G ITU G. 957/G. 691 Optical Multiplexer ATM Switch Local Loops IP Router OC 48 STM 16 SDH/ SONET OTU/Tx Transponder Transmit Amplifier Receive Amplifier Optical De-Multiplexer Customer Colocation OTU/Rx Transponder DWDM Terminal Vendor Colocation Global Crossing POP 01/06/05 Global Crossing Proprietary 24

STAR TAP Waves Overview Waves with SDH/SONET versus IP: Protection vs. Capacity POP B POP A SDH / SONET: 2. 5 G max 2. 5 G fallback capacity 2. 5 Gb/s IP/ATM Router: 5 G max 2. 5 G fallback capacity POP B POP A 2. 5 Gb/s IP/ATM Router: 7. 5 G max 5 G fallback capacity POP A 2. 5 Gb/s POP B 2. 5 Gb/s 01/06/05 Global Crossing Proprietary 25

STAR TAP Waves Overview AC-1 North American Crossing GAL AC-2 PEC PC-1 MAC EAC PAC SAC Global Crossing Wavelength Deployment (06/01) 01/06/05 Global Crossing Proprietary 26

STAR TAP Waves Overview Global Networks in 2001 • Waves on terrestrial and subsea will support Networking with N+1 protection (N > 2) • Reduced protection investment is highly effective: >> Reason # 2 for Waves • Equipment needs to support both a Ring and Mesh network • Market pull for Optical Switches 01/06/05 Global Crossing Proprietary 27

STAR TAP Waves Overview Next Wavelength Technology: Optical Mux / Lambda Router / Optical Wave Cross-connect System 2. 5 / 10 / 40 Gb/s Gig. E / 2. 5 Gb/s OTU Customer Interface Optical Mux/ l-Router/ Cross-Connect l 1 DWDM ln OTU ODF/FDP lx 01/06/05 Global Crossing Proprietary 28

STAR TAP Waves Overview Optical Cross-Connects: Lambda Router * Input MEMS Array Input Optical Fibre Bundle Output MEMS Array MEMS control cables • • • Hermetic Enclosure Inherently bit-rate and protocol independent fabric < 5 ms switch time Scalable fabric to 1024 x 1024 Cross-connects implemented by re-orienting mirrors Design for low loss, mechanical stability, simplified assembly *) Wave. Star™ Lambda Router is a Lucent Technologies product 0. 5 mm 01/06/05 Output Optical Fibre Bundle Global Crossing Proprietary 29

STAR TAP Waves Overview Global Crossing Europe SDH Network Structure SDH AC-1 AC-2 SDH SDH AC-1 SDH 01/06/05 Global Crossing Proprietary 30

STAR TAP Waves Overview Global Crossing • Present: – Waves 10 G on subsea and terrestrial networks – Waves Gig. E & 2. 5 G on Metro Rings AC-1 – Implement Optical Cross-Connects on subsea (AC-1&2) • Mid 2002: Implement OXC’s on terrestrial networks l’s l’s AC-2 l’s AC-1 l’s 01/06/05 Global Crossing Proprietary 31

STAR TAP Waves Overview Optical Interconnectivity Architecture IP Metro/ Access ISW Router Long Distance 01/06/05 O Gig. E/ 2. 5 G/ 10 G SDH/SONET 10 Gl/ 40 Gl ISW Router WAVES Grooming Switch 10 G/ D 40 G W O D M 10 G/ 2. 5 G/ 622 M/ 155 M/ 51 M (Electrical Switching Fabric @ STS-1/ E AU-4) O (Electrical Switching Fabric @ STS-1/ O AU-4) O 10 G/ D 40 G W O D M Hybrid Cross Connect O 10 G/40 G O O Photonic Cross Connect (Optical Switching Fabric) Intelligent Software (ISW) Global Crossing Proprietary 10 G/ 40 G O D W D M Metro/ Access Electrical/ Optical Services Long Distance 32

STAR TAP Waves Overview Wavelengths and the Future • Optical Wave services have caused a network revolution: – Core long distance SDH/SONET Rings will be replaced by Meshed networks using Wave Cross-Connects – Re-invention of “PDH-like” (pre-SDH) network architecture – Semi-Automated optical route protection done < 50 ms • Improved transport infrastructure will exist for IP/packet services • Electrical/Optical Grooming switches will emerge at periphery • Automated Restoration (algorithm/GMPLS driven) becomes technically feasible. Operational implementation will take beyond 2002 • In the mean time… keep on surfing the waves. mail: gnieveld@globalcrossing. com 01/06/05 Global Crossing Proprietary 33