STAR Future Plans and Upgrades Hank Crawford UCBSSL

STAR Future Plans and Upgrades Hank Crawford UCB/SSL for the STAR Collaboration Run 10 Run 11 Beyond AGS-Users-090605 Crawford 1

STAR Physics Goals for Run 10 • search for QCD Critical point and for disappearance of signatures seen at top RHIC energy through Beam Energy Scan (BES). – First energy scan from √s. NN = 7. 7 to 39 Ge. V Au+Au collisions – Combine with C-AD: machine development for √s. NN = 5 Ge. V Au+Au collisions For BES details, see http: //drupal. star. bnl. gov/STAR/starnotes/public/sn 0493 • study properties of the produced matter using 200 Ge. V Au. Au – Collective effects - heavy flavor dynamics – Correlations – ridge, parity violation – “full” jet dynamics – energy loss and modifications in medium – New particles and anti-particles First Au. Au run with full Time-of-Flight (TOF) and full DAQ 1000 SVT and SSD removed to minimize scattering and background AGS-Users-090605 Crawford 2

STAR Physics Goals for Run 11 pp at 500 and 200 Ge. V – Exploiting unique RHIC longitudinal and transverse polarization Continue investigation of the origin of spin and the internal structure of the proton using both 500 Ge. V and 200 Ge. V polarized pp collisions study hydrodynamic behavior of matter at energy densities up to 50% higher than that achievable with Au+Au collisions in first run with U+U collisions to at 200 Ge. V Study diffractive physics and search for glueballs at central rapidity in pp 2 pp program with longitudinally polarized beams AGS-Users-090605 Crawford 3

Long Term Physics Goals Verify new state of matter (QGP) through measure of thermalization Search for Chiral Symmetry Restoration Quantify parton dynamics in nuclear collisions: level of parity violation mechanisms involved in energy loss what correlations drive evolution Determine internal structure of proton: origin of spin and probe existence of orbital motion view color force through Drell-Yan pairs virtual quark content through heavy-meson production Parton distribution to low-x Parton dynamics – elastic and inelastic processes Probe large mass objects via large rapidity separation correlations (Δη≈6) Discover new particles and phenomena and follow any leads from BES AGS-Users-090605 Crawford 4

STAR Detector (current) MRPC To. F barrel EMC barrel 100% ready for run 10 EMC End Cap BBC FMS FPD TPC PMD DAQ 1000 Complete FTPC Large variety of Ongoing Identified species Is key to understanding Full azimuthal particle identification! γ, e, π, ρ, K, K*, p, φ, Λ, Δ, Ξ, Ω, D, ΛC, J/ψ, Υ , ω… AGS-Users-090605 Crawford 5

Particle Identification Charm Bottom Reconstruct particles in full azimuthal acceptance of STAR! AGS-Users-090605 Crawford 6

Run 10: STAR TOF – all 120 trays ready TOF enables BES and HFT program TOF 1/β cut rejects hadrons providing nearly complete and accurate electron identification for di-lepton program. US project: Rice, UT-Austin, UCLA, BNL, LBNL China project: USTC, Tsinghua, SINAP, IOPP Wuhan, IMP Langzhou AGS-Users-090605 Crawford 7

Run 10: BES: Search for signatures of a phase transition and a critical point. Elliptic & directed flow for charged particles and for identified protons and pions, which have been identified by many theorists as highly promising indicators of a “softest point” in the nuclear equation of state; Azimuthally-sensitive femtoscopy, which adds to the standard HBT observables by allowing the tilt angle of the ellipsoid-like particle source in coordinate space to be measured; these measurements hold promise for identifying a softest point, and complements the momentum-space information revealed by flow measurements Fluctuation measures, indicated by large jumps in the baryon, charge and strangeness susceptibilities, as a function of system temperature – the most obvious expected manifestation of critical phenomena. AGS-Users-090605 Crawford 8

Azimuthally-sensitive femtoscopy ε = eccentricity σx 2 is the in-plane axis σy 2 is the out-of-plane axis Freeze-out anisotropy from 2 nd -order oscillations of HBT radii. All measurements are subject to ~30% systematic uncertainty. Inset shows hydro evolution of source shape for an equation of state with (upper) and without (lower) softening due to finite latent heat. AGS-Users-090605 Crawford 9

Fluctuations Sigma-dynamic (σdyn) is a measure of the event-by-event fluctuations in the particle ratio. This fluctuation is expected to be maximized at the CP. K/p Results for K/p are compared to models to remove to general trends. AGS-Users-090605 Crawford Expected error with 100 k central events 10

Run 10 : BES: Search for turn-off of new phenomena already established at higher RHIC energies Constituent-quark-number scaling of v 2 , indicating partonic degrees of freedom; Hadron suppression in central collisions as characterized by the ratio RCP ; Untriggered pair correlations in the space of pair separation in azimuth and pseudorapidity, which elucidate the ridge phenomenon; Local parity violation in strong interactions, an emerging and important RHIC discovery in its own right, is generally believed to require deconfinement, and thus also is expected to turn-off at lower energies. AGS-Users-090605 Crawford 11

V 2/nq vs m. T scaling Elliptic flow per constituent quark versus transverse mass per constituent quark for Au + Au collisions at 200 Ge. V at RHIC. See talk by Xin Dong at this meeting AGS-Users-090605 Crawford 12

Search for Parity Violation L or B The separation between the samecharge and opposite-charge correlations. - Strong EM fields - De-confinement and Chiral symmetry restoration AGS-Users-090605 See talk by Xin Dong at this meeting Crawford 13

QCD Phase Diagram STAR can trace trajectories by measurement of variety of particle yields as a function of energy T and μ are then calculated from the set of yields A schematic representation of the QCD Phase Diagram. The location of the critical point, the separation between the 1 st-order transition and chemical freeze-out, and the focusing of the event trajectories towards the critical point, are not based on specific quantitative predictions, but are all chosen to illustrate plausible possibilities. AGS-Users-090605 Crawford 14

Run 10: 200 Ge. V program γ-hadron correlations: a “golden probe” of parton energy loss in the medium Heavy Flavor signals : understand energy loss mechanisms – radiative, collisional Quarkonia: J/Ψ ϒ Projection of uncertainties in Upsilon(1 S) RAA for two sets of integrated luminosity. AGS-Users-090605 Crawford 15

Full-Jet Reconstruction in heavy-ion collisions at STAR preliminary ~ 21 Ge. V pt per grid cell [Ge. V] Au. Au 10% η ϕ • Extended the kinematical reach to study jet quenching phenomena to jet energies > 40 Ge. V in central Au+Au collisions at RHIC • Strong evidence of broadening in the jet energy profile observed • Significant suppression in the di-jet coincidence seen in central Au+Au collisions; suggests strong quenching effects accessible in the current kinematics at RHIC Full-jet reconstruction measurements will greatly benefit from increased statistics to further extend the kinematical reach and quantitatively measure partonic energy loss phenomena at RHIC AGS-Users-090605 Crawford 16

Run 10 200 Ge. V Au. Au : Anti-Hypernuclei Hypertriton ANTI-hypertriton Coalescence calculations show we will have measurable sample of anti-alphas and perhaps double-Λ-hypernuclei Upper panels show the invariant mass distribution of helium 3 + pion in Au+Au collisions at 200 Ge. V. Open circles represent the signal candidate distributions, solid black lines are background distributions. Lower panels show the helium 3 candidates Z (log((d. E/dx)measured/(d. E/dx)expected)) distribution from the same data set. See talks by Xin Dong and Zhangbu Xu at this meeting AGS-Users-090605 Crawford 17

Run 11 pp goals 1. Measure parity-violating AL for mid-rapidity W production at 500 Ge. V requires 15 pb-1 at P>50% 2. Measure x. F dependence of π0 AN and forward jets at 500 Gev requires 6. 5 pb-1 at P>50% 3. Begin to Measure γ-jet AN at 200 Ge. V to see color through sign change wrt SIDIS requires 15 pb-1 at P>65% (full sample required is 30 pb-1) 4. Measure AN for “full” forward jets to separate Collins and Sivers components requires same 15 pb-1 as 3 with FHC 5. Complete map of x dependence of gluon helicity contribution to spin 80 pb-1 required; Run 11 increment awaits Run 9 analysis AGS-Users-090605 Crawford 18

Future inclusive jet ALL sensitivity Projected sensitivities: Run 9 & future 500 Ge. V running Projected improvement in xΔg from Run 9 • Goal for the current 200 Ge. V run: – 50 pb-1 @ 60% pol – reduce ALL uncertainties a factor of ~4 – Will provide much stronger constraints on gluon polarization • Goal for future 500 Ge. V running: See Carl Gagliardi talk this meeting – 300 pb-1 @ 70% pol – Extend precision determination to lower xg AGS-Users-090605 Crawford 19

Future: transverse spin forward γ + mid-rapidity jet Bacchetta et al. , PRL 99, 212002 See Carl Gagliardi talk this meeting • Conventional calculations predict the asymmetry to have the same sign in SIDIS and γ+jet • Calculations that account for the repulsive interactions between like color charges predict opposite sign • Critical test of our basic theoretical understanding AGS-Users-090605 Crawford 20

PP 2 PP: Future Physics with Tagged Forward Protons Elastic and Inelastic Processes Elastic Scattering: Roman Pots only Central Production: RP + To. F; Tracks in the TPC Phase II - install RPs so that we can run with STAR without special conditions. RPs need to be between DX-D 0 magnets. In Phase II hundreds of millions of events can be acquired by running in parallel with STAR

Central Production in Double Pomeron Exchange J. H. Lee H. Spinka Argonne National Laboratory, USA R. Gill, W. Guryn*, J. Landgraf, T. A. Ljubičič, D. Lynn, R. Longacre, P. Pile, S. Tepikian, K. Yip Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA Y. Gorbunov, Creighton University, Omaha, NE 68178 I. G. Alekseev, L. I. Koroleva, A. Manaenkova, B. V. Morozov, D. N. Svirida ITEP, Moscow, Russia Glueball possible decay channels: Mx Mx K+ KMx ( K+ K+ K-K- S. Bueltmann, I. Koralt, S. Kuhn, D. Plyku Old Dominion University, Norfolk, USA G. Eppley, W. J. Llope Rice Univ. , Houston A. Sandacz Soltan Institue for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Poland

STAR Upgrades GMT – GEM Monitoring of tpc Tracks - improve TPC tracking FGT – Forward GEM Tracker - provide forward tracking for 500 Ge. V pp measurements of anti-quark contribution to spin GMT and FGT will be ready for Run 12 HFT – Heavy Flavor Tracker - provide low-mass inner tracking to allow heavy-quark measurements probing thermalization at low p. T – Run 14? FHC – Forward Hadron Calorimeter - provide forward hadron identification to enable “full” jet reconstruction in separating Collins and Sivers function – Run 10? MTD – Muon Telescope Detector - provide muon identification at midrapidity to enable charm suppression study – Run 13? HLT – High Level Trigger - provide online-tracking trigger – Run 11? FMP – Forward Meson Preshower – to allow π0 identification up to 100 Ge. V and beyond - ? ? AGS-Users-090605 Crawford 23

STAR Detector - future MTD MRPC To. F barrel EMC barrel 100% ready for run 10 EMC End Cap FMS BBC TPC FPD FHC PMD Completed DAQ 1000 HLT AGS-Users-090605 HFT FGT Crawford Ongoing R&D 24

GEM Chambers to Monitor the TPC Tracking Calibrations (GMT) With increasing luminosity space charge distortion becomes major correction to TPC tracking. David Underwood Argonne National Laboratory Gene Van. Buren Brookhaven National Laboratory Jim Thomas Small GEM cells Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Replace TOF slat to Jan Balewski verify TPC track pointing MIT Stephen Baumgart, Helen Caines, Oana Catu, Alexei Chikanian, Evan Finch, John Harris, Mark Heinz, Anders Knospe, Richard Majka, Christine Nattrass, Joern Putschke, Sevil Salur, Jack Sandweiss, Nikolai Smirnov Proposal submitted Oct. 15, 2007 Yale University Reviewed in Star ~ Oct. , 2008 “The committee therefore recommends unanimously to accept the proposal, and to construct and install the detectors in a timely schedule. ” Updated Proposal Oct. , 2008 http: //hepwww. physics. yale. edu/star/upgrades/GEM/GMT-2. pdf Some R&D funding available FY 2009 Schedule: ~2 years to construct and install. Tied to developments for FGT Cost estimate: ~$140 k AGS-Users-090605 Crawford 25

FGT Physics motivation - W program Quark / Anti-Quark Polarization - W production Key signature: High p. T lepton (e-/e+) (Max. MW/2) - Selection of W-/W+ : Charge sign discrimination of high p. T lepton - STAR FGT Required: Lepton/Hadron discrimination - STAR EEMC and FGT AGS-Users-090605 Full STAR detector W signal and QCD background simulation completed Crawford

FGT Layout/ GEM Technology Development Layout / GEM technology SBIR proposal (Phase I/II): Established commercial GEM foil Residual: ~70μm source (Tech-Etch Inc. ) Residual [mm] FNAL testbeam of three prototype triple-GEM chambers HFT FGT including APV 25 chip readout Performance meets requirements! AGS-Users-090605 New WEST support structure Crawford Procurement and test of full triple-GEM quarter section in progress 27

Overview FGT Schedule and Milestones Goal: Complete FGT construction in ~fall 2010 followed by full system test and subsequent full installation in ~summer 2011 ⇒ Ready for anticipated first long 500 Ge. V polarized pp run in FY 12 Review: Successful review January 2008 / Beginning of construction funds FY 08 Cost estimate / planning / milestones: R&D and pre-design work: FY 07 / FY 08 Triple-GEM Detector: Complete prototype tested (Bench and FNAL testbeam) Front-End Electronics (FEE) System: Complete prototype tested / FEE design completed Data Acquisition (DAQ) System: Layout exists based on similar DAQ sub-detector systems with extensive experience (ANL/IUCF) Mechanical pre-design completed: Triple-GEM detector and new support structure GEM foil development: Successful development of industrially produced GEM foils through SBIR proposal in collaboration with Tech-Etch Inc. (BNL, MIT, Yale University) Critical: Timely FGT DOE construction funds: FY 08, FY 09 and FY 10 AGS-Users-090605 Crawford Bernd Surrow 28

Forward Hadron Calorimeter (FHC) Real jet physics with FMS + FHC (EM+had) Lambda nπ0 (+other hadons possible) Photon (isolation) BNL-AGS-E 864 hadron calorimeter detectors Refurbished and used by PHOBOS = recycle Estimated statistical precision for uncertainty in analyzing power for p +p jet + X at s = 200 Ge. V. AGS-Users-090605 Crawford 29

FHC Timeline Proposal review in STAR – expect approval soon If approved, we can install for RHIC run 10 • move entire stacks from PHOBOS (IP 10) to STAR assembly building after run 9 ends • move one entire stack to “north side” using tunnel access doors. • unstack/restack in place for “south side” due to no tunnel access. AGS-Users-090605 Crawford 30 30

High Level Trigger (HLT) Examples of Physical Potential • Heavy flavor measurements. Physics addressed : the mechanism of fast thermal equilibration. Information used in trigger : d. E/dx and tracking from TPC & HFT, High tower from BEMC and/or TOF hits. Run 9 p+p 200 Ge. V, May 19 - 25 • Large pt spectra and correlation for identified particles. Physics addressed : Energy loss, Hadronization etc. Information used in trigger : tracking from TPC, TOF. • Anti-matter production. Physics addressed : Understanding the fundamentals of our universe. Information used in trigger : d. E/dx from TPC, High tower from BEMC.

MUON Telescope Detector (MTD) at STAR To detect charged particles that do not range out in the return steel of the STAR magnet – primarily muons – and use their TPC momentum and MTD/TOF velocity to reconstruct quarkonia. AGS-Users-090605 Brookhaven National Laboratory Ken Asselta, Bill Christie, Lijuan Ruan, John Scheblein, Robert Soja, Zhangbu Xu University of California, Berkeley Hank Crawford, Jack Engelage Rice University Geary Eppley, Bill Llope, Ted Nussbaum University of Science and Technology of China Hongfang Chen, Cheng Li, Yongjie Sun, Zebo Tang Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics Xiang-Zhou Cai, Fu Jin, Yu-Gang Ma, Chen Zhong Texas A&M University Saskia Mioduszewski University of Texas -- Austin Jerry Hoffmann, Jo Schambach Tsinghua University Yi Wang, Xiaobin Wang Yale University Guoji Lin, Richard Majka Crawford 32

MTD status Prototypes tested in runs 8 and 9 Expect full proposal in FY 10 Installation for Run 13 AGS-Users-090605 Crawford 33

HFT upgrade in STAR Heavy quark is one of the ideal probes to quantify the properties of the hot dense medium created in relativistic heavy ion collisions. Heavy quark program at RHIC/STAR is underway. Present physics conclusions are rather qualitative. With detector upgrades, STAR will be able to perform precision measurements on open charm and quarkonia measurements in p+p, p(d)+A, and A+A collisions. Precision measurements via direct reconstruction of displayed vertices and particle identification over 2 pi covering low and high p. T SSD (existing double sided strip detector) is outer layer IST is a layer of silicon strip PIXEL is 2 inner layers of high resolution Pixel (MAPS) (18*18 mm) and thin 0. 4% Xo per layer ~ 30 microns pointing resolution at 0. 7 Ge. V/c 0. 5 AGS-Users-090605 2 ~ 30 microns secondary vertex resolution (large p) 3 Crawford 34

Physics Projections with HFT+TOF Charm collectivity => Medium properties, light flavor thermalization AGS-Users-090605 Charm energy loss => Energy loss mechanisms, Medium properties Crawford 35

HFT status • R&D for the pixel sensors, readout and support structure has been successfully carried out over several years. • Design and layout mature. • Technical driven schedule for project • Received CD-0 Feb. 2009 • Aim for CD-1 review in Sept 2009 • Engineering prototype installed for run-12 • Completed for run-14 AGS-Users-090605 Crawford 36

Summary Run 10 Au. Au : BES has high international interest BES should provide many clues to onset of new state of matter New TOF and DAQ 100 will lead to much improved understanding of highest RHIC energy collisions including jet reconstruction and di-lepton signatures with energy loss for correlated particles Run 11 pp at 500 and 200 Ge. V: clear separation of Collins and Sivers effects mid-rapidity W signals gamma-jet AN and di-jet ALL Run 12: GMT and FGT will give sea-quark spin contribution through forward and mid-rapidity W+WFuture includes HFT and understanding of thermalization AGS-Users-090605 Crawford 37

Backup slides AGS-Users-090605 Crawford 38

The Spin Puzzle The proton is viewed as being a “bag” of bound quarks and gluons interacting via QCD Spins + orbital angular momentum need to give the observed spin 1/2 of proton Fairly well measured only ~30% of spin AGS-Users-090605 Being measured at RHIC Crawford A future challenge 39

Probing the Sea through Ws • Reconstruct Ws through e+ and e- decay channels • V-A coupling leads to perfect spin separation • Neutrino helicity gives preferred direction in decay Measure parity violating single helicity asymmetry A L (Helicity flip in one beam while averaging over the other) AGS-Users-090605 Crawford 40

Experimentally Measuring ALL Concurrent Measurements: Numbers of Observables Nij Reconstructed for Different Bunch Patterns Relative Luminosity R from BBC Coincidence Rates for different Bunch Patterns Polarization of Beams (magnitude from CNI Polarimeters, direction of polarization vector from combination CNI Polarimeters, BBC) AGS-Users-090605 Crawford 41

First look at “jet-like” events using FMS Event selection done with: • • >15 detectors with energy > 0. 4 Ge. V in the event (no single pions in the event) cone radius = 0. 5 (eta-phi space) “Jet-like” p. T > 1 Ge. V/c ; x. F > 0. 2 2 perimeter fiducial volume cut (small/large cells) AGS-Users-090605 ar. Xiv: 0901. 2828 (Nikola Poljack – SPIN 08) ANjet is only sensitive to Sivers Hadron correlation with in jet for Collins effect Crawford 42

MTD prototype tests • MTD hits: matched with real high p. T tracks from TPC μz distribution has two components: narrow (muon) and broad (hadron) spatial resolution (narrow Gaussian) ~10 cm at p. T > 2 Ge. V narrow to broad ratio is ~2; can be improved with d. E/dx and TOF cut AGS-Users-090605 Crawford 43

MTD Multi-Resistive-Plate-Chamber (MRPC) cells Long MRPC Technology with double-end readout HV: 6. 3 KV gas mixture: 95% Freon + 5% isobutane time resolution: ~ 60 ps spatial resolution: ~ 1 cm efficiency: > 95% AGS-Users-090605 Crawford 44

GMT - GEM Monitoring of TPC Tracking With increasing luminosity space charge distortion becomes major correction to TPC tracking. Exciting new physics opportunities will become available in STAR with higher luminosity Many of these rely on precision tracking in the TPC. • Separation of J/Ψ states, • high Pt tracking for jet studies , upsilon, W • possible tracking triggers (fast filters) • good pointing resolution to the silicon detectors at inner radius for charm reconstruction. AGS-Users-090605 Crawford 45

GMT detail Distance in RPhi between hit at Tof and TPC track crossing point (DTo. F, cm). Constraining corrections using a measurement at outer radius is best done at h~0 and h~1 Z at To. F radius, cm 40 x 1026 cm-2 * s-1 200. at 0. 5 T field, a 5(10) Ge. V/c track crossing from the inner TPC pad row to the outer pad row will have a sagitta of 6. 3 (3. 2) mm 1026 cm-2 * s-1 100. ~twice that if primary vtx and/or PIXEL is used in fit Since Dpt/pt ~ Ds/s, need to correct distortions to sub mm level to maintain good momentum resolution. AGS-Users-090605 Crawford 0. -1. 0. 1. D at To. F, cm 46

GMT status: Proposal to Install GEM Chambers to Monitor the TPC Tracking Calibrations (GMT) David Underwood Argonne National Laboratory Gene Van. Buren Brookhaven National Laboratory Jim Thomas Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Jan Balewski MIT Stephen Baumgart, Helen Caines, Oana Catu, Alexei Chikanian, Evan Finch, John Harris, Mark Heinz, Anders Knospe, Richard Majka, Christine Nattrass, Joern Putschke, Sevil Salur, Jack Sandweiss, Nikolai Smirnov Yale University Proposal submitted Oct. 15, 2007 Reviewed in Star ~ Oct. , 2008 “The committee therefore recommends unanimously to accept the proposal, and to construct and install the detectors in a timely schedule. ” Updated Proposal Oct. , 2008 http: //hepwww. physics. yale. edu/star/upgrades/GEM/GMT-2. pdf Some R&D funding available FY 2009 Schedule: ~2 years to construct and install. Tied to developments for FGT Cost estimate: ~$140 k http: //hepwww. physics. yale. edu/star/upgrades/GEM/GMT-2. pdf AGS-Users-090605 Crawford 47

Forward Heavy Mesons in FMS ω (from π0γ) FHC adds other mesons and baryons η from π0π0 J/Ψ from e+e- AGS-Users-090605 Crawford 48

Photon-Jet at STAR Jet: |η|<0. 8, p. T>5 Ge. V If photon goes to FMS We benefit from ALL But we may lose from p. T Photon: 1. 08<η<2. 0, p. T>7 Ge. V back to back in plane • Clean probe of qg interaction • Signal requires more luminosity than dijet measurements: em* s vs. s* s • Want to focus on asymmetric partonic collisions: high-x quark and low-x gluons with the detected in the direction of the incident quark here the cross section and asymmetry is maximized • Shower Maximum Detector (SMD) shower shape & Monte Carlo normalization analysis in progress D. Staszak AGS-Users-090605 Crawford

Fluctuation Observables If we pass through a QCD phase transition, we expect a change in the number of degrees of freedom and a corresponding change in particle number fluctuations. We measure the number of pions, kaons, protons, etc in each event and form ratios to cancel volume effects. We then look at fluctuations in the event-by-event ratios as a function of collision energy to find the critical point for QGP<->hadron gas transition. AGS-Users-090605 Crawford 50