Standard 3 Regional and ideological differences leading to

Standard 3 Regional and ideological differences leading to the Civil War and the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on democracy in America.

Day 1 Monday

3. 1 13 slides • Political events and issues that divided the nation and led to civil war – Compromises reached to maintain the balance of free and slave states – The abolitionist movement – The Dred Scott case – Conflicting views on states’ rights and federal authority – Emergence of the Republican Party – Formation of the Confederate States of America

The Abolitionist Movement • Though the abolitionist movement ensured slavery would remain a national conversation, it did not significantly impact the actions of the national government • The numerous petitions abolitionists sent to Congress were stopped by the ‘gag rule’ – Gag rule- a rule limiting or preventing debate on an issue

The Abolitionist Movement • Though the abolitionist movement involved whites and blacks in the North and the South, it was not extremely popular nor successful – William Lloyd Garrison’s The Liberator was banned in the South – Most northerners were not abolitionists – The Underground Railroad was not very successful in the deep south – John Brown’s raid on Harpers’ Ferry made slave owners determined to protect slavery and fearful of northern intentions • Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin was successful at gaining support for abolition and resentment of the fugitive slave law

Struggle for Power • Democracy expanded in the US as new states entered the Union • Expansion led to the greatest challenge to democracy and the Southern elite became increasingly determined to maintain slavery

Struggle for Power • As new western states applied for admission to the Union, sectionalism increased as the divisions between the interests of the regions grew • The struggle to maintain the balance of power between slave and free states in the federal government was rooted in the compromises at the Constitutional Convention – Equal representation of the states in the Senate – Representation based on population in the House • Due to increased immigration in the North and westward expansion, southern states were losing power in the House – This led Southerners to fight to maintain an equal number of slave and free states in the Senate

Maintaining Balance • In 1820, the Missouri Compromise was passed to regulate the states entering the Union in the Louisiana Territory – Maine entered as a free state – Missouri entered as a slave state – The 36˚ 30’ line was established to divide the remaining territory • North of the line was free • South of the line was slave

Day 2 Tuesday

Maintaining Balance • The annexation of Texas was delayed for almost a decade because of the divisiveness of admitting another large slave state • Northerners saw President Polk’s willingness to give up the 54˚ 40’ in Oregon, while provoking a war with Mexico over southwest territories as favoring slavery

Maintaining Balance • The Wilmot Proviso was proposed to regulate the states entering the Union in the territories gained from the Mexican War – All states would be “free soil”, not open to competition of slave labor with that of free white labor • The Proviso passed in the House but was stopped in the Senate – This was further evidence to southerners that they must maintain the balance of slave and free states in order to protect their ‘peculiar institution’

Maintaining Balance • The gold rush in 1849 sped the population of California and its application for statehood as a free state – This would upset the balance in the Senate • The Compromise of 1850 was passed to regulate the states entering the Union in the territories gained from the Mexican War – California entered as a free state – All other states would be determined by popular sovereignty • Popular Sovereignty- a system in which the residents vote to decide an issue – Sale of slaves was prohibited in DC – A fugitive slave law was to be enforced by the federal government • Fugitive slave law- designed to ensure that escaped slaves would be returned into bondage

Maintaining Balance • The Kansas-Nebraska Act overturned the Missouri Compromise’s 36˚ 30’ rule – Established popular sovereignty in the region • Pro-slavery and anti-slavery supporters rushed to Kansas to populate and fix votes – The confrontation turned “Bleeding Kansas” into a battleground • The violence that occurred led to the forming of the Republican Party

Slavery and the Supreme Court • In 1856, Dred Scott, a slave who had previously been taken north of the 36˚ 30’ line, sued for his freedom based on the conditions of the Missouri Compromise – The Supreme Court ruled against Dred Scott declaring the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional • The Supreme Court determined that because slaves were property and the Constitution protected the right of slave owners to their property regardless of where they took their slaves – Congress could not make a law restricting the expansion of slavery

Slavery and the Supreme Court • The Dred Scott decision split the Democratic Party – Northern Democrats feared that the Supreme Court, dominated by southern Democrats, might rule state laws against slavery unconstitutional – This meant popular sovereignty would not be effective in restricting the spread of slavery • This split allowed the Republican candidate, Abraham Lincoln, to win the election of 1860

Day 3 Wednesday

Republican Party • The Republican Party’s platform of free soil did not mean complete abolition of slavery – Free soil means stopping the spread of slavery into territories – Non slave-owning whites did not want to compete with slave labor in the territories • With the election of Abraham Lincoln, many southerners began to fear slavery would be abolished throughout the country

Republican Party • Lincoln’s election in 1860 led southern states to meet in a convention and pass articles of secession – They believed their rights as states were being violated by the federal government • Secessionists believed that Lincoln and the federal government would not allow slavery to expand into the territories – This would upset the balance of power in the Senate, allowing for Congress to vote to abolish slavery • To protect slavery, South Carolina secessionists led other southern states in seceding from the Union – The Confederate States of America was formed and soon occupied federal forts that were located in the South

3. 2 9 slides • The Civil War and its impact on democracy – Major turning points – Impact of the Emancipation Proclamation – Unequal treatment of African American units – Geographic, economic, and political factors of the Union victory – Defeat of the idea of secession

Split of a Nation • Secession challenged democracy • President Lincoln pledged to preserve the Union and democracy • Confederates fired on federal troops stationed at Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, SC

Influences during War • Economic Resources – The Union had greater industrial capacity, miles of railroad tracks, manpower, and navy – The Confederacy depended on “King Cotton” and Britain to provided manufactured goods and ships • Strategy based on Geography – The Union’s Anaconda Plan included splitting the South at the Mississippi River, taking the capital at Richmond, and blockading southern ports – The Confederacy’s strategy was to seek support from Britain and defend their region until the North tired of the war

Influences during War • Military Leadership – South had an advantage in both military leadership and geography • Robert E. Lee effectively moved the men and material via railroads between battle fronts in the East and the West • Southerners were also more familiar with their home terrain

Influences during War • Political Leadership – President Jefferson Davis was not able to get the Confederate states to effectively work together – President Lincoln was able to articulate the purpose of the war as the preservation of the Union and retain sufficient public support to continue the fight despite military defeats • Emphasized a “government of the people, by the people and for the people”

Day 4 Thursday

The Emancipation Proclamation • Lincoln feared freeing slaves would undermine the unity of the North by irritating the border states – Border states- slave states that did not secede from the Union • Emancipation was originally promoted as a ‘military measure’ against the Confederacy but it took on a greater role – Diplomatic- Britain could no longer support the South due to opposition of slavery – Political- the South had the chance to make peace and keep their slaves prior to the enactment of the Proclamation

The Emancipation Proclamation • The Proclamation did not immediately free all slaves – Slaves in regions under Union control and border states were not included – Confederate states were likely to ignore President Lincoln • Slaves fled to Union lines – African Americans were allowed to enlist in the US Army – African Americans served in segregated units under the command of white officers – The 54 th Massachusetts regiment attacked Fort Wagner in Charleston Harbor, SC • Slaves were freed as their homeland was captured by Union forces

Influential Battles • Fort Sumter – Apr. 12, 1861 in S. C. – Confederate troops attacked the Union fort • Bull Run/Manassas – July 21, 1861 in V. A. – Confederates defeated the Union • Antietam – Aug. 29 -30, 1862 in M. D. – Union defeated the Confederates – 26, 000 casualties • Vicksburg – May 18 - July 4, 1863 in M. S. – Union defeated the Confederacy gaining control of the Mississippi River • Gettysburg – July 1 -3, 1863 in P. A. – Union defeated the Confederacy over 3 days with 100, 000 casualties • Atlanta – July 22, 1864 in G. A. – General Sherman burned the city to the ground

Influential Generals • General Ulysses S. Grant commanded the Union forces and began the strategy of ‘total war’ – Total war- a war in which every available weapon is used and the nation’s full financial resources are devoted • General William T. Sherman’s ‘March to the Sea’ destroyed the South – Burning cities, farms and crops, destroying up railroad tracks, killing livestock, and salting fields • General Robert E. Lee commanded the Confederate forces and had a superior military knowledge – As the war progressed, the South lost their support from Britain, faced dwindling supplies, and devastating losses • General Lee surrendered to General Grant on April 9, 1865 at Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia

Impacts of War • The outcome of the Civil War had a profound impact on the course of democracy – It preserved the Union while at the same time liberating an enslaved minority • Even with the Union’s defeat of the Confederacy and the federal courts ruling secession null and void, the idea of states’ rights was never defeated

3. 3 7 slides • The effects of Reconstruction on southern states and the federal government • Impact of the 13 th, 14 th, and 15 th amendments on African Americans

Beginning of Reconstruction • Southern states suffered devastating damage to factories, farms and transportation systems, and heavy loss of men – The federal government believed it was the responsibility of individuals and state governments to rebuild southern infrastructure • The goal of Reconstruction was to re-establish full participation of southern states in the Union

Beginning of Reconstruction • Reconstruction policies of the federal government expanded democracy and significantly impacted southern society – The federal government took an active role in protecting the rights of the freedman against the dominate white southern society

Day 5 Friday

Radical Reconstruction • Southern actions “radicalized” Reconstruction policy – Determined to retain their way of life, despite the military defeat – States passed Black Codes to replace slave codes – Former Confederate officers and officials were elected to Congress – Citizens and vigilante groups engaged in violence against the freedmen • Congressional Reconstruction plan – Passed by the “Radical Republicans” – Split the former Confederacy into five military districts – Enforced the Reconstruction Amendments – Impeached President Andrew Johnson

Reconstruction Amendments • By amending the Constitution, Congress expanded democracy to protect the rights of the freedmen – The 13 th Amendment freed slaves throughout the US • Southern states were required to recognized this before forming new governments • Black Codes were passed to limit the rights of the newly freed slaves – The 14 th Amendment recognized the citizenship of African Americans • Overturned Dred Scott • Provided ‘equal protection’ and ‘due process’ – The 15 th Amendment ensured the right of all male citizens to vote • Male citizens could not be denied based on ‘race, creed or previous condition of servitude’ • Resulted in some African Americans being elected to state legislatures and Congress • Federal troops attempted to protect these rights against terrorist tactics of the Ku Klux Klan

Reconstruction Governments • White Republicans from the North were known as ‘carpetbaggers’ by southern whites • Southern-born ‘scalawags’ wanted to rebuild the South in cooperation with the Republican Reconstruction governments • Newly enfranchised African Americans made up a majority state legislatures, just as they made up a majority of the population in some southern states • State governments created social service programs and public schools to improve conditions for all people

Changes for Freedmen • The Reconstruction Amendments allowed African Americans to create some social freedom – Many left the plantations to look for sold family members, but most were unsuccessful and soon returned – African Americans formed their own churches – The Freedmen’s Bureau established schools for the former slaves who had been denied the right to an education under slavery – Black colleges were established

Challenges for Freedmen • Freedmen made significant social and political progress during Reconstruction, but they made little economic progress – The Freedmen’s Bureau • Helped negotiate labor contracts between former slaves and landowners • Provided a system of courts to protect the rights of former slaves • Negotiated sharecropping agreements – Sharecropping left former slaves in a position of economic dependence and destitution

3. 4 4 slides • End of Reconstruction – Role of anti-African American factions – Competing national interests – Removal of federal protection for freedmen – Jim Crow laws – Voter restrictions

The End of Reconstruction • When the federal government abandoned their role of protector, democracy was compromised and the rights of African Americans were limited by southern state governments – Anti-African American factions (Ku Klux Klan) were organized to intimidate black voters in the South – African Americans were able to vote only with the protection of federal troops – There were never enough troops to protect African Americans from intimidation, violence, and lynchings – The ‘Solid South’ would remain under the control of white Democrats until the Civil Rights Era

The End of Reconstruction • The nation’s interest shifted to the corruption in the Grant administration, economic depression in the North, western settlement, and economic growth • Reports of violence against African Americans made Northerners believe nothing would ever change in the South • Resistance of southerners in granting equal citizenship to African Americans lessened the public and Congress’ resolve to protecting freedmen • The disputed election of 1876 led to the Compromise of 1877 – Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was elected – Federal troops, and their protection, were removed from the South – Officially ended Reconstruction • The effect of Reconstruction was temporary and African Americans were left to fend for themselves

Day 6 Monday

Post Reconstruction • Southern whites used race to drive a political wedge between poor black farmers and poor white farmers • Southern states passed laws requiring African American and whites to use separate facilities – Segregation was upheld by the Supreme Court in the ‘separate but equal’ ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) – Negated the equal protection provision of the 14 th Amendment – African Americans were relegated to second class citizenship in a society that was separate but not equal – Jim Crow Laws replaced black codes and restricted African Americans in the South

Post Reconstruction • Poll taxes and literacy tests all but eliminated the effectiveness of the 15 th Amendment – The grandfather clause assured that whites who could not read or pay the tax were able to vote • Sharecroppers and tenant farmers faced increasingly difficult economic conditions when cotton prices fell • African Americans were discriminated against in hiring when textile mills opened in the late 1880 s • Many African Americans fell farther into poverty and some migrated to the cities of the North

3. 5 4 slides • Varied responses of African Americans to the restrictions imposed on them in the post. Reconstruction period – Booker T. Washington – W. E. B. Du. Bois – Ida B. Wells-Barnett

African American Leaders • African Americans responded to the restrictions placed upon them by the Jim Crow laws and their loss of the vote through poll taxes and literacy tests • African American leaders emerged who were united in their determination to attain full citizenship but were divided as to the best strategy to pursue • The strategies each advocated depended on personal background and the audience that each addressed

Booker T. Washington • Born a slave • Received an education during Reconstruction • Founded the Tuskegee Institute – Provided vocational training for African Americans – Blue Collar: welders, blacksmiths, skilled laborers – George Washington Carver developed new crops to aid povertystricken farmers while at the Institute • Equality comes from contributing to the economy • Did not speak openly against Jim Crow and Segregation

W. E. B. Du. Bois • Born free (north) • Educated (Ph. D from Harvard) • African Americans should gain educations that suit their talents – White Collar: doctors, lawyers, professionals • Opposed Washington’s strategy • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) – Full social and political equality • Popular in the black community, but not white

Ida B. Wells-Barnet • Born a slave • Educated in a “freedom school” during Reconstruction • Became a teacher and newspaper writer • Forcibly removed from a railroad car and forced to sit in a coloredonly car • Outspoken and critical of Jim Crow • Anti-lynching crusade – Considered a militant • Raised awareness of the conditions for African Americans in the nation